1
00:00:05,547 --> 00:00:06,673
Everybody needs
to know, Franklin.

2
00:00:06,756 --> 00:00:07,882
Will you run again?

3
00:00:08,008 --> 00:00:09,843
ROOSEVELT: The situation in
France changes everything.

4
00:00:09,926 --> 00:00:12,220
CHURCHILL: I'd rather
have a declaration of war

5
00:00:12,345 --> 00:00:13,471
from America.

6
00:00:13,555 --> 00:00:15,557
There's nothing I'd like
better than to kick Hitler

7
00:00:15,682 --> 00:00:16,766
in the teeth.

8
00:00:16,891 --> 00:00:18,685
They've attacked Pearl Harbor.

9
00:00:18,810 --> 00:00:23,189
A date which will
live in infamy.

10
00:00:23,273 --> 00:00:24,524
The prime minister
of Great Britain

11
00:00:24,607 --> 00:00:29,446
has nothing to hide from the
president of the United States.

12
00:00:29,571 --> 00:00:30,655
Our team cracked it.

13
00:00:30,739 --> 00:00:31,990
They fooled the Japanese.

14
00:00:32,073 --> 00:00:35,994
We know where they're going
to be, so we can lay a trap.

15
00:00:36,077 --> 00:00:37,162
See this ship?

16
00:00:37,245 --> 00:00:38,788
It's got Marines aboard.

17
00:00:38,913 --> 00:00:40,623
My son Jimmy is one of them.

18
00:00:40,749 --> 00:00:44,627
He's going to be in the
thick of it, isn't he?

19
00:00:44,753 --> 00:00:46,546
Franklin Roosevelt
was the president

20
00:00:46,671 --> 00:00:51,301
who had to face the Great
Depression and World War II.

21
00:00:51,426 --> 00:00:56,598
The only thing we have
to fear is fear itself.

22
00:00:56,723 --> 00:01:00,852
He was ambitious and
active, incredibly privileged.

23
00:01:00,935 --> 00:01:02,312
But he suffered.

24
00:01:02,437 --> 00:01:05,732
You've contracted
infantile paralysis.

25
00:01:05,815 --> 00:01:08,902
And he's had setbacks.

26
00:01:08,985 --> 00:01:11,321
But through pain
can come wisdom.

27
00:01:11,446 --> 00:01:13,156
The country's on
the edge of a cliff,

28
00:01:13,281 --> 00:01:14,741
but we're not going
to let it fall.

29
00:01:14,824 --> 00:01:16,743
What do plan to
do with this power?

30
00:01:16,826 --> 00:01:21,414
He has a vision to change
the very soul of America.

31
00:01:21,498 --> 00:01:28,046
I pledge myself to a New
Deal for the American people.

32
00:01:28,129 --> 00:01:30,840
American democracy
was literally

33
00:01:30,924 --> 00:01:32,675
resting on his shoulders.

34
00:01:32,801 --> 00:01:34,302
This was zero hour.

35
00:01:34,385 --> 00:01:36,221
[speaking german]

36
00:01:36,971 --> 00:01:38,515
Get everybody in here.

37
00:01:38,640 --> 00:01:42,018
He knew that he needed
to project real strength.

38
00:01:42,143 --> 00:01:44,854
He is the dealer in hope
for the entire free world.

39
00:01:44,979 --> 00:01:48,691
An invasion of France
is courting disaster.

40
00:01:48,817 --> 00:01:50,026
He took risks.

41
00:01:50,110 --> 00:01:53,113
Again and again, you see
these moments of great daring.

42
00:01:53,196 --> 00:01:56,783
ROOSEVELT: Success may not
come with rushing speed,

43
00:01:56,908 --> 00:02:00,870
but we shall return
again and again.

44
00:02:00,995 --> 00:02:04,207
Roosevelt led the
grand alliance to victory

45
00:02:04,290 --> 00:02:05,708
over fascism.

46
00:02:05,792 --> 00:02:08,837
This was a tumultuous,
complicated period of time.

47
00:02:08,962 --> 00:02:12,340
It's a mistake to think that he
somehow got everything right.

48
00:02:12,423 --> 00:02:14,717
But there was something
about that voice.

49
00:02:14,843 --> 00:02:17,303
There was something
about that smile.

50
00:02:17,428 --> 00:02:21,266
That empathy, that
humility, that resilience,

51
00:02:21,349 --> 00:02:24,352
all those qualities that
FDR just had triumphantly

52
00:02:24,477 --> 00:02:25,770
built into his character.

53
00:02:32,110 --> 00:02:34,529
[music playing]

54
00:02:42,829 --> 00:02:45,623
There's a small American base
at Midway Island in the middle

55
00:02:45,707 --> 00:02:48,626
of the Pacific, and
in the spring of 1942,

56
00:02:48,710 --> 00:02:49,669
the Japanese think
they're going to be

57
00:02:49,752 --> 00:02:51,880
able to take the
Americans by surprise

58
00:02:51,963 --> 00:02:55,425
and knock out that outpost.

59
00:02:55,508 --> 00:02:57,927
The Japanese believe that
if they can threaten Midway,

60
00:02:58,011 --> 00:03:00,763
it will bring those US carriers
that weren't at Pearl Harbor

61
00:03:00,847 --> 00:03:05,059
out and they can destroy
them in one climactic battle.

62
00:03:05,143 --> 00:03:08,563
NARRATOR: Suddenly, from behind
the clouds, the Japs attack.

63
00:03:13,693 --> 00:03:14,819
The Japanese
think they're going

64
00:03:14,903 --> 00:03:17,488
to be able to take the
Americans by surprise.

65
00:03:17,572 --> 00:03:19,741
What the Japanese didn't realize
is that the Americans have

66
00:03:19,866 --> 00:03:23,953
broken the Japanese code, and
FDR knows the Japanese fleet is

67
00:03:24,078 --> 00:03:26,956
coming, and the American
forces in the Pacific

68
00:03:27,081 --> 00:03:29,375
lay a trap for them.

69
00:03:29,459 --> 00:03:31,461
NARRATOR: The trap is sprung.

70
00:03:31,586 --> 00:03:33,880
Navy planes roar from the
decks of our carriers.

71
00:03:33,963 --> 00:03:34,964
Army bombers, Marines.

72
00:03:37,926 --> 00:03:40,470
It's a really high risk
move on the part of FDR,

73
00:03:40,595 --> 00:03:42,972
but it pays off spectacularly.

74
00:03:43,097 --> 00:03:46,476
The results are just
catastrophic for Japan.

75
00:03:46,601 --> 00:03:48,937
The Japanese lose four carriers.

76
00:03:49,062 --> 00:03:50,688
The US loses one.

77
00:03:50,772 --> 00:03:53,399
Japan will never, in the
entire course of the war,

78
00:03:53,483 --> 00:03:56,819
replace the losses at Midway.

79
00:03:56,945 --> 00:03:58,655
NARRATOR: The Battle
of Midway is over.

80
00:03:58,780 --> 00:04:02,575
Our frontyard is safe, but a
big job is still to be done.

81
00:04:02,700 --> 00:04:04,118
[singing]

82
00:04:06,955 --> 00:04:07,705
It's Jimmy.

83
00:04:14,295 --> 00:04:21,344
You know, every mother in
America should see this film.

84
00:04:21,469 --> 00:04:23,721
Won't they be scared
seeing their sons in combat?

85
00:04:26,474 --> 00:04:29,852
They'll be inspired, Harry.

86
00:04:29,978 --> 00:04:31,980
They're seeing
their boys winning.

87
00:04:35,024 --> 00:04:38,069
Roosevelt is blown away
by the uplifting story

88
00:04:38,152 --> 00:04:40,071
of American victory.

89
00:04:40,154 --> 00:04:41,698
Next thing you know,
this documentary

90
00:04:41,823 --> 00:04:44,534
is being shown in movie
theaters all across the country.

91
00:04:44,659 --> 00:04:46,369
And it was the first
kind of up close,

92
00:04:46,494 --> 00:04:48,871
you are there, our
boys in action,

93
00:04:48,997 --> 00:04:53,501
achieving spectacular military
victory in the Pacific.

94
00:04:53,626 --> 00:04:55,044
FDR's responsibility
as commander

95
00:04:55,128 --> 00:04:56,379
in chief and president
the United States is

96
00:04:56,504 --> 00:05:01,968
to be the global optimist
for Western civilization.

97
00:05:02,093 --> 00:05:03,845
Summer of '42, the
Battle of the Atlantic

98
00:05:03,928 --> 00:05:07,223
still rages, the Germans are
500 miles into the Soviet Union

99
00:05:07,307 --> 00:05:10,852
at this point, the Mediterranean
is still a battleground.

100
00:05:10,935 --> 00:05:13,229
They're all massive
problems of their own

101
00:05:13,313 --> 00:05:16,399
of a complexity nobody has
ever dealt with before.

102
00:05:16,524 --> 00:05:18,651
The Germans have driven
the British almost all

103
00:05:18,735 --> 00:05:21,904
the way back into Egypt, but
the United States isn't really

104
00:05:22,030 --> 00:05:24,824
in the European war, and
this is FDR's problem.

105
00:05:24,949 --> 00:05:26,367
We've got to get in the war.

106
00:05:29,203 --> 00:05:32,915
There's still been no forward
movement of the American troops

107
00:05:33,041 --> 00:05:34,876
against the German
army, and that's

108
00:05:34,959 --> 00:05:39,172
where so much of the attention
of the American public is at.

109
00:05:39,255 --> 00:05:42,091
Roosevelt knew that somehow
we needed to get the soldiers

110
00:05:42,216 --> 00:05:45,470
moving against the German army.

111
00:05:45,553 --> 00:05:47,889
There's great debate
in 1942 about which way

112
00:05:47,972 --> 00:05:50,933
the Allies should go in terms
of trying to push the Nazis out

113
00:05:51,059 --> 00:05:52,352
of Western Europe.

114
00:05:52,435 --> 00:05:57,607
In 1942, Russia is bearing the
brunt of the Nazi onslaught.

115
00:05:57,732 --> 00:05:59,609
The Nazis are driving
deep into Russia,

116
00:05:59,734 --> 00:06:02,945
laying siege to Leningrad
and to other cities.

117
00:06:03,071 --> 00:06:05,615
Every day, thousands of
people are being killed.

118
00:06:05,740 --> 00:06:08,951
It's really a bloodbath
on the Eastern Front.

119
00:06:09,077 --> 00:06:13,289
Joseph Stalin is pleading,
demanding that Churchill

120
00:06:13,414 --> 00:06:16,459
and FDR open a second front.

121
00:06:16,584 --> 00:06:18,419
There were people that
wanted to keep the focus

122
00:06:18,503 --> 00:06:20,630
in the Pacific, because
after all, it was Japan that

123
00:06:20,755 --> 00:06:21,798
had attacked the United States.

124
00:06:21,923 --> 00:06:23,549
There were people who
wanted to go straight

125
00:06:23,633 --> 00:06:25,385
into continental Europe.

126
00:06:25,468 --> 00:06:27,637
Churchill favors
starting in North Africa,

127
00:06:27,762 --> 00:06:30,139
and then that then becomes
a staging ground to come up

128
00:06:30,264 --> 00:06:31,808
through what Churchill
vividly described

129
00:06:31,891 --> 00:06:36,062
as the soft underbelly of
the Nazi controlled Europe.

130
00:06:36,145 --> 00:06:39,148
NEWSREADER: In Washington D.C.,
the president of the United

131
00:06:39,232 --> 00:06:42,402
States welcomed the prime
minister of Great Britain.

132
00:06:42,527 --> 00:06:46,239
The gravity of the moment
had brought them together.

133
00:06:46,322 --> 00:06:48,533
Churchill really feels he
has his back to the wall.

134
00:06:48,616 --> 00:06:50,326
Britain is basically
standing alone

135
00:06:50,451 --> 00:06:53,162
against the German and Italian
threat in North Africa.

136
00:06:56,416 --> 00:06:58,918
There's great camaraderie
between FDR and Churchill,

137
00:06:59,001 --> 00:07:01,295
but there's also great tension.

138
00:07:01,379 --> 00:07:03,214
I see you found
the good brandy.

139
00:07:09,303 --> 00:07:10,304
Thank you.

140
00:07:14,142 --> 00:07:18,104
Have you given any more
thought to North Africa?

141
00:07:18,187 --> 00:07:22,358
I've been doing nothing but
thinking about North Africa,

142
00:07:22,483 --> 00:07:24,235
and northern France.

143
00:07:26,988 --> 00:07:31,826
An invasion of France
is courting disaster.

144
00:07:31,951 --> 00:07:33,953
We're not ready.

145
00:07:34,078 --> 00:07:34,871
From the map room.

146
00:07:34,954 --> 00:07:36,038
Just came in.

147
00:07:36,164 --> 00:07:36,914
Thank you, my dear.

148
00:07:43,504 --> 00:07:44,297
It's Tobruk.

149
00:07:52,472 --> 00:07:55,683
Churchill was in the
White House in 1942

150
00:07:55,766 --> 00:08:00,021
when there were severe Allied
reverses in North Africa,

151
00:08:00,104 --> 00:08:01,314
and Tobruk falls.

152
00:08:03,900 --> 00:08:07,570
And FDR looks at him and
sees the pain in his eyes.

153
00:08:07,695 --> 00:08:10,114
The commingling of the
personal and the political

154
00:08:10,198 --> 00:08:16,078
and the diplomatic and the human
was fascinating and decisive

155
00:08:16,162 --> 00:08:16,996
in many ways.

156
00:08:20,041 --> 00:08:22,585
How could this happen?

157
00:08:22,668 --> 00:08:24,587
It's one defeat.

158
00:08:24,670 --> 00:08:26,339
It's not over.

159
00:08:26,422 --> 00:08:29,091
A defeat is one thing.

160
00:08:29,217 --> 00:08:32,428
A disgrace is another.

161
00:08:32,512 --> 00:08:38,768
Beaten by a force half our
size, the British army.

162
00:08:38,893 --> 00:08:40,728
I thought they would hold on.

163
00:08:44,899 --> 00:08:51,322
I need every tank you can spare
sent directly to North Africa.

164
00:08:51,405 --> 00:08:53,324
Consider it done.

165
00:08:53,407 --> 00:08:59,956
And I need you to agree to
the North Africa invasion.

166
00:09:00,081 --> 00:09:05,378
We can't let Hitler control
the Mediterranean and our oil.

167
00:09:05,461 --> 00:09:08,297
It's where you need it most now.

168
00:09:08,381 --> 00:09:10,132
My generals say otherwise.

169
00:09:10,216 --> 00:09:12,134
Some of them want France.

170
00:09:12,260 --> 00:09:16,472
Some of them want me to move
more resources to the Pacific.

171
00:09:16,597 --> 00:09:20,851
But we're depending on you.

172
00:09:20,935 --> 00:09:22,728
Roosevelt ultimately
sides with Churchill,

173
00:09:22,853 --> 00:09:26,107
because if a cross-channel
invasion misfires,

174
00:09:26,190 --> 00:09:30,403
there'll be enormous casualties
and it'll be morale crushing

175
00:09:30,486 --> 00:09:33,781
in the United States
and Great Britain.

176
00:09:33,906 --> 00:09:35,074
At the end of
the day, they plan

177
00:09:35,157 --> 00:09:38,327
an invasion of North Africa
called Operation Torch,

178
00:09:38,452 --> 00:09:40,746
and FDR will do this
against the military advice,

179
00:09:40,830 --> 00:09:42,415
a presidential
prerogative as commander

180
00:09:42,498 --> 00:09:44,500
in chief, to say we
need to get in the war

181
00:09:44,625 --> 00:09:48,212
and North Africa is
where we do this.

182
00:09:48,296 --> 00:09:51,966
Now FDR has got to focus on
getting our military squared

183
00:09:52,049 --> 00:09:54,260
away and all of the
tools that they need

184
00:09:54,385 --> 00:09:56,929
to go out and be victorious.

185
00:09:57,013 --> 00:10:00,016
FDR understood that
part of being a war leader

186
00:10:00,141 --> 00:10:03,728
is not simply to be commander
in chief of the armed forces

187
00:10:03,811 --> 00:10:06,105
but to be able to
mobilize the home front.

188
00:10:06,230 --> 00:10:08,733
It's not just making
strategic determinations

189
00:10:08,816 --> 00:10:10,568
about where to fight
and what battles,

190
00:10:10,651 --> 00:10:13,696
you have to get the people and
the soldiers wanting to fight,

191
00:10:13,821 --> 00:10:16,324
willing to fight, willing to
be producing on the home front

192
00:10:16,449 --> 00:10:17,450
24 hours a day.

193
00:10:20,161 --> 00:10:23,372
To win the war, we have
to ramp up production,

194
00:10:23,497 --> 00:10:26,292
and to ramp up production,
the president has to be deeply

195
00:10:26,375 --> 00:10:31,172
involved in making the federal
government a force to make

196
00:10:31,297 --> 00:10:34,091
capitalism start to
create a war machine,

197
00:10:34,175 --> 00:10:39,138
to create what FDR
calls arsenal democracy.

198
00:10:39,221 --> 00:10:41,515
FDR knew that he had to
change his relationship

199
00:10:41,599 --> 00:10:43,517
with the business community,
which had been marked

200
00:10:43,601 --> 00:10:45,561
by hostility at the
end of the New Deal,

201
00:10:45,645 --> 00:10:49,732
that he had to pivot and make
himself a partner of business,

202
00:10:49,857 --> 00:10:51,651
and he really makes a peace.

203
00:10:51,776 --> 00:10:55,613
Factories are transforming from
cars into planes and tanks.

204
00:10:55,696 --> 00:10:59,909
Doctor New Deal becomes
eventually Doctor Win The War.

205
00:10:59,992 --> 00:11:02,536
Rarely do you
find a leader who

206
00:11:02,620 --> 00:11:06,832
is good at proposing
controversial programs as FDR

207
00:11:06,957 --> 00:11:11,170
did during the New Deal,
and then in the 1940s

208
00:11:11,253 --> 00:11:13,798
uniting the country
to win the war.

209
00:11:13,881 --> 00:11:16,300
Name me anyone else who
might have been president

210
00:11:16,384 --> 00:11:19,220
of the United States during
those years who could have done

211
00:11:19,303 --> 00:11:19,970
that.

212
00:11:20,054 --> 00:11:21,430
It was only FDR.

213
00:11:25,184 --> 00:11:27,937
He felt it was so important to
go to the manufacturing plants,

214
00:11:28,020 --> 00:11:30,606
to go to the factories, because
he knew the enormous pressure

215
00:11:30,731 --> 00:11:32,942
that they were working
under to produce.

216
00:11:33,067 --> 00:11:35,778
They know that these weapons
and planes and tanks are

217
00:11:35,903 --> 00:11:38,781
critical for the war effort.

218
00:11:38,864 --> 00:11:40,616
There's a lot of sense
of needing to make

219
00:11:40,741 --> 00:11:42,952
sure their morale is up.

220
00:11:43,077 --> 00:11:44,578
In every factory
that he visited,

221
00:11:44,662 --> 00:11:47,957
the productivity went
up shortly thereafter.

222
00:11:48,082 --> 00:11:50,960
And he also has to pressure
the manufacturers to get them

223
00:11:51,085 --> 00:11:53,504
moving as fast as they could.

224
00:11:53,587 --> 00:11:55,131
One of the leading
manufacturers in the United

225
00:11:55,256 --> 00:11:57,591
States was the
Ford Motor Company.

226
00:11:57,675 --> 00:12:00,678
Ford had this enormous Willow
Run Plant that they've created,

227
00:12:00,761 --> 00:12:02,304
the biggest one of all.

228
00:12:02,430 --> 00:12:04,473
They've only produced one
bomber that's all that's

229
00:12:04,598 --> 00:12:06,517
come off the assembly line.

230
00:12:06,600 --> 00:12:09,812
Henry Ford was largely an
opponent of the New Deal.

231
00:12:09,937 --> 00:12:12,314
He was a vicious antisemite.

232
00:12:12,440 --> 00:12:14,692
He said nice things
about Hitler.

233
00:12:14,775 --> 00:12:19,029
So Henry Ford would not have
been at the top of FDR's hit

234
00:12:19,113 --> 00:12:20,030
parade.

235
00:12:20,114 --> 00:12:23,993
But in 1942, he is
a wartime president

236
00:12:24,118 --> 00:12:27,371
and is trying to mobilize
absolutely everyone.

237
00:12:30,958 --> 00:12:35,504
Henry, quite an impressive
place you have here.

238
00:12:35,588 --> 00:12:38,340
You got a lot of
nice press for it.

239
00:12:38,466 --> 00:12:41,343
We've got a mile
long assembly line.

240
00:12:41,427 --> 00:12:44,346
You should bring Hitler
and Tojo in here to see it.

241
00:12:44,472 --> 00:12:46,849
They'd surrender in two seconds.

242
00:12:46,974 --> 00:12:49,393
Only if it lives
up to its billing.

243
00:12:49,477 --> 00:12:50,895
Your factory is
behind the others

244
00:12:50,978 --> 00:12:52,980
and I'm here to find out why.

245
00:12:53,105 --> 00:12:57,026
Mr. Roosevelt,
everything is new.

246
00:12:57,109 --> 00:13:00,321
New machinery, new parts.

247
00:13:00,404 --> 00:13:03,699
You can't expect it to run like
clockwork right off the bat.

248
00:13:03,824 --> 00:13:08,204
We're going to get
rid of the Nazis.

249
00:13:08,329 --> 00:13:14,543
And when we do, I hope I'll
have you and your factory

250
00:13:14,627 --> 00:13:15,503
to thank for it.

251
00:13:21,926 --> 00:13:24,345
Weeks after that
visit, productivity

252
00:13:24,470 --> 00:13:26,889
goes up at the Ford
plant, and they actually

253
00:13:26,972 --> 00:13:29,600
do outstrip the industry
average eventually.

254
00:13:29,683 --> 00:13:31,769
The relationship between
business and government

255
00:13:31,852 --> 00:13:35,314
during World War II was the most
productive in all of history.

256
00:13:35,397 --> 00:13:37,066
It was an incredible
accomplishment.

257
00:13:37,191 --> 00:13:40,027
We see this incredible
increase in factory production.

258
00:13:40,110 --> 00:13:42,196
The country is in
better economic footing

259
00:13:42,279 --> 00:13:43,572
than it has been.

260
00:13:43,697 --> 00:13:46,075
The workplace is
becoming more diverse.

261
00:13:46,200 --> 00:13:48,244
We are seeing more and
more African-Americans,

262
00:13:48,369 --> 00:13:52,248
Mexican-Americans, Latinos
contributing to the war effort.

263
00:13:52,373 --> 00:13:55,751
We are seeing more women in
the workforce, in factories.

264
00:13:55,876 --> 00:13:57,920
Rosie the Riveter.

265
00:13:58,045 --> 00:14:00,840
Eleanor was instrumental
right from the start.

266
00:14:00,965 --> 00:14:04,760
By 1942 and '43, she was
arguing with the factory owners,

267
00:14:04,885 --> 00:14:05,886
bring women aboard.

268
00:14:05,970 --> 00:14:07,096
You need them.

269
00:14:07,221 --> 00:14:09,932
She made a statement, if
I were a young girl at 17,

270
00:14:10,057 --> 00:14:11,267
I would want to
work in a factory.

271
00:14:11,392 --> 00:14:13,644
That's where I would want to be.

272
00:14:13,727 --> 00:14:15,604
And Eleanor focused
on the women who had

273
00:14:15,729 --> 00:14:18,274
come to work in the factories.

274
00:14:18,399 --> 00:14:21,819
During the war, Eleanor was
instrumental in encouraging

275
00:14:21,902 --> 00:14:24,780
women to work the 24/7 shifts.

276
00:14:24,905 --> 00:14:28,784
Eleanor met with them,
became pen pals with them,

277
00:14:28,868 --> 00:14:32,288
secured better working
conditions for them,

278
00:14:32,413 --> 00:14:38,878
got them raises, and made sure
there was daycare available

279
00:14:39,003 --> 00:14:42,381
at federal employment
facilities.

280
00:14:42,464 --> 00:14:45,217
Before her, there had been
ceremonial first ladies,

281
00:14:45,301 --> 00:14:47,136
but she was the first
first lady to speak

282
00:14:47,219 --> 00:14:49,513
at a national convention,
the first to speak

283
00:14:49,597 --> 00:14:51,473
at a congressional
investigation,

284
00:14:51,599 --> 00:14:53,893
the first to hold weekly press
conferences, the first half

285
00:14:53,976 --> 00:14:56,645
radio shows of her own.

286
00:14:56,770 --> 00:14:59,148
The price FDR paid for
Eleanor's independence,

287
00:14:59,273 --> 00:15:03,485
however, was that she was
gone almost 200 days a year.

288
00:15:03,611 --> 00:15:07,156
But as Eleanor emerged into
the first lady she became,

289
00:15:07,239 --> 00:15:09,491
FDR's admiration for
her only increased.

290
00:15:09,617 --> 00:15:13,078
She becomes absolutely
central to his leadership.

291
00:15:19,084 --> 00:15:22,046
At the fall of 1942, there's
a lot of pressure on Roosevelt.

292
00:15:22,129 --> 00:15:23,923
It had been almost a year,
and the United States

293
00:15:24,048 --> 00:15:28,344
had done nothing meaningful it
seemed in the European theater.

294
00:15:28,469 --> 00:15:30,179
Winston Churchill would
argue, you haven't been to war

295
00:15:30,304 --> 00:15:32,222
unless you've
fought the Germans.

296
00:15:32,306 --> 00:15:35,184
So this will lead us
to November of 1942.

297
00:15:35,309 --> 00:15:37,853
Operation Torch will be the
largest amphibious invasion

298
00:15:37,978 --> 00:15:39,688
in the United States
history, where

299
00:15:39,813 --> 00:15:41,732
they will land on three
different landing sites

300
00:15:41,815 --> 00:15:43,943
on the coast of North Africa.

301
00:15:44,026 --> 00:15:46,487
The idea is if you can pinch
the Germans in North Africa

302
00:15:46,612 --> 00:15:48,530
between the one force
coming from the east

303
00:15:48,614 --> 00:15:50,532
and the other force
coming from the west,

304
00:15:50,616 --> 00:15:52,326
you can clear all
of North Africa.

305
00:15:55,496 --> 00:15:59,208
The weekend before the
invasion of North Africa, FDR

306
00:15:59,333 --> 00:16:03,045
was uncharacteristically tense,
and I think the reason was

307
00:16:03,170 --> 00:16:06,131
because he was the one
responsible for making

308
00:16:06,256 --> 00:16:09,426
the decision to invade North
Africa against the wishes

309
00:16:09,510 --> 00:16:12,554
of Marshall and Eisenhower, so
you can imagine what he felt

310
00:16:12,680 --> 00:16:14,056
as he was waiting for the news.

311
00:16:14,181 --> 00:16:15,432
Were the troops ready?

312
00:16:15,516 --> 00:16:19,728
Were they sufficiently trained
enough to make this work?

313
00:16:19,812 --> 00:16:23,273
On the eve of the invasion of
North Africa, Operation Torch,

314
00:16:23,357 --> 00:16:26,443
Roosevelt is at one of his
vaunted cocktail parties,

315
00:16:26,527 --> 00:16:28,570
and most of those people
there would not have even

316
00:16:28,696 --> 00:16:31,031
known this was even happening.

317
00:16:31,115 --> 00:16:32,574
Boss.

318
00:16:32,658 --> 00:16:33,492
Thank you, Grace.

319
00:16:49,675 --> 00:16:52,928
Is there anything
from Marshall?

320
00:16:53,053 --> 00:16:55,764
Nothing yet.

321
00:16:55,889 --> 00:16:57,599
Get down.

322
00:16:57,725 --> 00:16:59,935
We're taking a hell of a
chance with this, Harry.

323
00:17:00,060 --> 00:17:01,729
I feel good about our chances.

324
00:17:04,732 --> 00:17:05,816
Is there anything I can do?

325
00:17:10,654 --> 00:17:12,197
It's out of our hands now.

326
00:17:15,909 --> 00:17:18,078
I can't stop wondering
if we're ready.

327
00:17:24,585 --> 00:17:25,502
[phone rings]

328
00:17:30,966 --> 00:17:31,800
Hello?

329
00:17:35,304 --> 00:17:38,140
It's the war department.

330
00:17:38,223 --> 00:17:39,016
Yes?

331
00:17:43,270 --> 00:17:45,064
Thank god.

332
00:17:45,147 --> 00:17:46,982
Thank god.

333
00:17:47,107 --> 00:17:48,984
Well, that sounds grand.

334
00:17:49,068 --> 00:17:50,277
Congratulations.

335
00:17:58,452 --> 00:18:00,913
We have landed in North Africa.

336
00:18:00,996 --> 00:18:03,832
We are striking back.

337
00:18:03,957 --> 00:18:05,375
[applause]

338
00:18:10,172 --> 00:18:13,008
British and American forces
have landed in Operation Torch

339
00:18:13,133 --> 00:18:15,844
in November of 1942.

340
00:18:15,969 --> 00:18:18,514
NEWSREADER: A gigantic American
invasion force is landing.

341
00:18:18,639 --> 00:18:21,016
A second front is at hand.

342
00:18:21,141 --> 00:18:23,852
65,000 American troops
plus British troops

343
00:18:23,977 --> 00:18:26,688
will hit the beaches
in French North Africa,

344
00:18:26,772 --> 00:18:28,607
and they're going to
start pushing eastward

345
00:18:28,690 --> 00:18:31,401
along the North African coast.

346
00:18:31,485 --> 00:18:34,279
Operation Torch
allows for Americans

347
00:18:34,363 --> 00:18:37,407
to see their ground
troops in action.

348
00:18:37,491 --> 00:18:40,285
That has a morale
building effect stateside.

349
00:18:44,373 --> 00:18:47,000
FDR made every
American feel like they

350
00:18:47,126 --> 00:18:52,214
were a part of this challenge
to beat back fascism.

351
00:18:52,339 --> 00:18:55,467
Every radio address ended
with a call to action.

352
00:18:55,592 --> 00:18:59,513
There is one front where
everyone in the United States,

353
00:18:59,638 --> 00:19:03,725
every man, woman, and
child is in action,

354
00:19:03,851 --> 00:19:07,855
and that front is
right here at home.

355
00:19:07,980 --> 00:19:10,399
The story of the war cannot
be told without the story

356
00:19:10,524 --> 00:19:13,110
of the home front, and the story
of the home front cannot be

357
00:19:13,193 --> 00:19:15,904
told really without the
incandescent leadership

358
00:19:16,029 --> 00:19:19,950
of Franklin Roosevelt. FDR
understood that the only way

359
00:19:20,033 --> 00:19:22,953
that we could get the soldiers
the equipment they needed when

360
00:19:23,036 --> 00:19:25,831
there were scarcity of
supplies was rationing.

361
00:19:25,956 --> 00:19:29,084
He has rubber drives
in the village squares,

362
00:19:29,209 --> 00:19:32,713
and everybody brings on a
Saturday their old rubber toys

363
00:19:32,796 --> 00:19:36,758
and rubber hoses, rubber bands,
and he does that same thing

364
00:19:36,842 --> 00:19:39,219
with aluminum.

365
00:19:39,344 --> 00:19:41,430
One very important
feature of World War II

366
00:19:41,555 --> 00:19:43,891
is that the sense
of shared sacrifice.

367
00:19:44,016 --> 00:19:46,435
It's the same spirit of
during the Great Depression

368
00:19:46,560 --> 00:19:48,770
and the New Deal, that same
idea that we're all in this

369
00:19:48,896 --> 00:19:49,688
together.

370
00:19:49,813 --> 00:19:51,481
Trust is the
most important part

371
00:19:51,565 --> 00:19:53,025
of his leadership in many ways.

372
00:19:53,108 --> 00:19:54,693
The American people trusted him.

373
00:19:54,776 --> 00:19:57,279
So when he told them that
this is necessary for you

374
00:19:57,404 --> 00:19:59,531
to only have five gallons
of gasoline a week,

375
00:19:59,656 --> 00:20:03,160
it's necessary for you to only
drink one cup of coffee a day,

376
00:20:03,243 --> 00:20:05,746
even though they grumbled
and got angry with it,

377
00:20:05,829 --> 00:20:09,625
eventually they knew they had to
do their part, because we were

378
00:20:09,750 --> 00:20:12,294
all working together
in a common goal.

379
00:20:12,419 --> 00:20:15,214
That's one of the huge
parts of FDR's leadership,

380
00:20:15,297 --> 00:20:17,049
that he was able to mobilize
that collective will

381
00:20:17,174 --> 00:20:17,966
of the country.

382
00:20:21,553 --> 00:20:24,640
It's January 1943,
and the war has really

383
00:20:24,765 --> 00:20:26,892
reached a crossroads.

384
00:20:26,975 --> 00:20:30,187
Stalin is in the process
of losing a million men

385
00:20:30,270 --> 00:20:33,357
at Stalingrad and he is
desperate for his Western

386
00:20:33,440 --> 00:20:36,526
partners to open a Western Front
to take some of that pressure

387
00:20:36,610 --> 00:20:39,655
off of the Red Army.

388
00:20:39,780 --> 00:20:41,615
In fact, Stalin
says bluntly to FDR

389
00:20:41,740 --> 00:20:44,326
and to Churchill, we Russians
are killing more Germans

390
00:20:44,451 --> 00:20:48,538
every day than the two of
your people put together.

391
00:20:48,622 --> 00:20:51,416
The fear is that if Russia
gets worn down by the Nazis,

392
00:20:51,500 --> 00:20:53,001
that they'll sue for
a separate peace.

393
00:20:53,126 --> 00:20:54,253
They'll just give up.

394
00:20:54,336 --> 00:20:56,004
And so FDR is eager
to do something

395
00:20:56,088 --> 00:20:58,465
to help the ally Joseph
Stalin and to relieve some

396
00:20:58,548 --> 00:21:01,343
of that pressure.

397
00:21:01,426 --> 00:21:06,098
I cannot tell you when or
where the United Nations are

398
00:21:06,181 --> 00:21:12,020
going to strike next in Europe,
but we are going to strike

399
00:21:12,104 --> 00:21:13,855
and strike hard.

400
00:21:13,939 --> 00:21:19,111
We believe that the Nazis and
the fascists have asked for it,

401
00:21:19,236 --> 00:21:20,988
and they're going to get it.

402
00:21:24,116 --> 00:21:26,535
After Operation Torch,
for the first time

403
00:21:26,660 --> 00:21:28,704
the Allies have the initiative.

404
00:21:28,829 --> 00:21:30,622
FDR and Churchill, they're
going to meet in Casablanca

405
00:21:30,706 --> 00:21:32,582
in Morocco.

406
00:21:32,666 --> 00:21:34,543
FDR is going to be the first
president to leave the United

407
00:21:34,668 --> 00:21:37,170
States in a time of war, and
he'll be the second president

408
00:21:37,254 --> 00:21:39,923
since Abraham Lincoln
to go to a war zone,

409
00:21:40,007 --> 00:21:42,968
and this conference is really
about what are the next steps.

410
00:21:43,051 --> 00:21:45,637
And they ask Stalin to come,
but Stalin is afraid to fly,

411
00:21:45,762 --> 00:21:47,306
and Stalingrad is
in the midst of it

412
00:21:47,389 --> 00:21:49,850
so he's not going to be there.

413
00:21:49,975 --> 00:21:52,644
What meant so much
to FDR about Casablanca

414
00:21:52,728 --> 00:21:54,896
is that two of his sons in
the military were there,

415
00:21:55,022 --> 00:21:58,108
Harry Hopkins' son was there,
Churchill's son was there,

416
00:21:58,191 --> 00:22:01,153
and there's that next
generation who are carrying out

417
00:22:01,236 --> 00:22:03,488
the goals of that older
generation of Churchill

418
00:22:03,613 --> 00:22:07,367
and Roosevelt.

419
00:22:07,451 --> 00:22:09,453
They seem to be
hitting it off.

420
00:22:09,536 --> 00:22:10,370
Yes.

421
00:22:13,290 --> 00:22:17,169
Did you know Stalin's
son has been captured?

422
00:22:17,252 --> 00:22:18,712
It's awful.

423
00:22:18,837 --> 00:22:22,424
I'm told he refuses
to negotiate for him.

424
00:22:22,549 --> 00:22:27,512
I hear his motto
is, not one step back.

425
00:22:27,637 --> 00:22:31,350
I guess that goes
for his son too.

426
00:22:31,475 --> 00:22:35,771
Well, he's certainly
making the Nazis bleed.

427
00:22:35,896 --> 00:22:38,106
He just might hold Stalingrad.

428
00:22:41,985 --> 00:22:45,572
It's good to have
our boys close by.

429
00:22:45,697 --> 00:22:46,782
Yes.

430
00:22:46,865 --> 00:22:49,451
They're out of harm's
way, for the moment.

431
00:22:52,621 --> 00:22:54,623
At the Casablanca
conference, Churchill

432
00:22:54,748 --> 00:22:58,293
is advocating for a
continuation of this attempt

433
00:22:58,418 --> 00:23:01,463
to strike Germany through
the soft underbelly of Europe

434
00:23:01,588 --> 00:23:03,715
by invading through
Italy in hopes of getting

435
00:23:03,840 --> 00:23:06,259
a quick series of victories.

436
00:23:06,385 --> 00:23:09,554
But within the United
States, the military advisors

437
00:23:09,638 --> 00:23:11,973
are not necessarily
of the same mind.

438
00:23:12,099 --> 00:23:13,433
Some of them feel that
most of the attention

439
00:23:13,517 --> 00:23:16,311
should be on the Pacific, while
others feel that the Europe

440
00:23:16,436 --> 00:23:20,649
first strategy is
still the way to go.

441
00:23:20,732 --> 00:23:24,528
We're already in position
for an invasion of Sicily.

442
00:23:24,611 --> 00:23:28,198
I believe I've made
that abundantly clear.

443
00:23:28,281 --> 00:23:31,326
This is just a delay
of the inevitable.

444
00:23:31,451 --> 00:23:33,370
We need to strike in France now.

445
00:23:33,453 --> 00:23:37,165
I'm not certain your
Yanks are ready for that.

446
00:23:37,290 --> 00:23:39,835
When the time
comes, we'll be ready.

447
00:23:39,960 --> 00:23:43,046
You can bet on that.

448
00:23:43,130 --> 00:23:50,345
Gentlemen, the point is
Italy is a much more achievable

449
00:23:50,470 --> 00:23:52,431
target than France right now.

450
00:23:52,514 --> 00:23:56,560
But we all know it won't do
anything to help the Russians.

451
00:23:59,146 --> 00:24:01,273
What's your view,
General Eisenhower?

452
00:24:01,356 --> 00:24:03,608
The invasion of France
is going to be the biggest

453
00:24:03,692 --> 00:24:07,279
operation maybe ever.

454
00:24:07,362 --> 00:24:10,615
The way I see it,
we're short on time.

455
00:24:10,699 --> 00:24:14,578
Time to supply our bases
in England for launch, time

456
00:24:14,661 --> 00:24:16,371
to train enough troops.

457
00:24:16,455 --> 00:24:19,791
How much time?

458
00:24:19,916 --> 00:24:23,587
We can't do it before '44.

459
00:24:23,670 --> 00:24:24,963
It's true.

460
00:24:25,046 --> 00:24:29,217
We'll need an overwhelming force
for the invasion of France.

461
00:24:29,342 --> 00:24:33,388
So, in the meantime, we
strike a blow in Italy.

462
00:24:39,019 --> 00:24:41,480
All right.

463
00:24:41,563 --> 00:24:45,233
Italy seems the most
feasible option right now.

464
00:24:48,528 --> 00:24:52,491
FDR was not risk
averse, but he was patient

465
00:24:52,616 --> 00:24:54,075
and he knew when to strike.

466
00:24:54,159 --> 00:24:56,953
He had an uncanny
sense of when to strike

467
00:24:57,037 --> 00:24:59,623
and when to not strike.

468
00:24:59,706 --> 00:25:02,042
FDR shows his
tremendous leadership.

469
00:25:02,125 --> 00:25:05,170
He realized that you have to
have a powerful coalition.

470
00:25:05,253 --> 00:25:07,797
You can't go it alone, and
you can't lose the British

471
00:25:07,881 --> 00:25:09,466
and you can't fight
without the British.

472
00:25:09,549 --> 00:25:11,927
And so to keep this
alliance together,

473
00:25:12,052 --> 00:25:14,763
he said, OK, we'll do that
because they're our ally

474
00:25:14,888 --> 00:25:18,642
and then they'll end up
serving our interests.

475
00:25:18,725 --> 00:25:20,602
At the end of the
Casablanca conference,

476
00:25:20,727 --> 00:25:23,855
Churchill goes to Roosevelt and
suggests that they take a trip

477
00:25:23,980 --> 00:25:25,190
out to Marrakesh.

478
00:25:29,903 --> 00:25:32,948
Churchill wants Roosevelt to
see the sun set over the Atlas

479
00:25:33,073 --> 00:25:36,284
mountains before he goes home.

480
00:25:36,409 --> 00:25:39,996
Uncle Joe is going to be
furious when he finds out

481
00:25:40,080 --> 00:25:43,375
there won't be a second
front in France this year.

482
00:25:43,458 --> 00:25:47,337
He'll get a second front
when the time is right.

483
00:25:52,259 --> 00:25:55,595
And we both know Stalin
is not to be trusted.

484
00:25:58,431 --> 00:26:01,268
He made a pact with
Hitler once before.

485
00:26:01,351 --> 00:26:04,145
Who's to say he
won't do it again?

486
00:26:04,229 --> 00:26:08,149
God help us if he does.

487
00:26:08,275 --> 00:26:13,154
But at least we'll
get there in 1944.

488
00:26:13,238 --> 00:26:19,035
We have to stand by our
promises, and after the war,

489
00:26:19,119 --> 00:26:20,412
we'll lead by example.

490
00:26:22,956 --> 00:26:24,040
What do you mean?

491
00:26:26,585 --> 00:26:30,714
I'm talking about
your colonies.

492
00:26:30,797 --> 00:26:34,217
People have the right
to self-determination.

493
00:26:34,301 --> 00:26:37,304
I did not become prime
minister in order to liquidate

494
00:26:37,387 --> 00:26:40,724
the entire British Empire.

495
00:26:40,807 --> 00:26:49,024
If we want freedom in Europe,
that means freedom everywhere.

496
00:26:49,107 --> 00:26:51,610
I'm telling you as
a friend, if you

497
00:26:51,693 --> 00:26:54,070
stick with the old
way, Winston, there

498
00:26:54,195 --> 00:26:55,864
will be a third world war.

499
00:27:00,493 --> 00:27:02,621
And nobody would survive that.

500
00:27:10,003 --> 00:27:12,964
In February of 1943, during
the invasion of North Africa,

501
00:27:13,048 --> 00:27:15,258
the Allies have the initiative.

502
00:27:15,342 --> 00:27:17,218
They'll drive
across North Africa.

503
00:27:17,302 --> 00:27:24,059
But America's troops are young
and not terribly well trained

504
00:27:24,184 --> 00:27:26,811
yet, still trying to learn the
lessons of armored warfare,

505
00:27:26,895 --> 00:27:29,814
of combined operations
using aviation.

506
00:27:29,898 --> 00:27:32,025
The Germans will counter
an attack at a place called

507
00:27:32,150 --> 00:27:34,194
Kasserine Pass,
and they're going

508
00:27:34,277 --> 00:27:36,404
to wreck part of the United
States Army's advance.

509
00:27:36,488 --> 00:27:39,783
They're going to roll
it back upon itself.

510
00:27:39,866 --> 00:27:42,118
The Americans were
routed by the Germans.

511
00:27:42,202 --> 00:27:44,120
There were some
examples of cowardice.

512
00:27:44,204 --> 00:27:45,914
There was not good leadership.

513
00:27:46,039 --> 00:27:48,416
It was a flop, and it was
kind of a demoralizing

514
00:27:48,541 --> 00:27:51,670
one and a bad start.

515
00:27:51,753 --> 00:27:53,254
At the same time,
there's an operation

516
00:27:53,380 --> 00:27:55,256
halfway around the world
in the Southwest Pacific

517
00:27:55,382 --> 00:27:57,258
in Guadalcanal and
Solomon Islands

518
00:27:57,384 --> 00:27:59,761
whose casualties are much
higher than they are at Torch.

519
00:27:59,886 --> 00:28:01,554
In the Pacific
theater, we're going

520
00:28:01,680 --> 00:28:04,265
to hop from island to island as
we close in the defensive ring

521
00:28:04,391 --> 00:28:05,642
on Japan.

522
00:28:05,725 --> 00:28:07,811
At Guadalcanal, both sides
are feeding in reinforcements.

523
00:28:07,894 --> 00:28:10,438
And, of course, the
casualties grow.

524
00:28:10,522 --> 00:28:13,441
NARRATOR: Now it began, the
toil and the terror that

525
00:28:13,566 --> 00:28:17,278
makes Guadalcanal not
a name but an emotion.

526
00:28:17,404 --> 00:28:19,698
The casualties mount
from the fighting,

527
00:28:19,823 --> 00:28:23,284
from malaria, from dengue,
from the rot and corruption

528
00:28:23,410 --> 00:28:27,122
of the jungle, which
knows not mercy.

529
00:28:27,247 --> 00:28:28,248
It's costly in men.

530
00:28:28,331 --> 00:28:30,417
It's costly in munitions.

531
00:28:30,542 --> 00:28:32,502
It's a very, very
costly campaign.

532
00:28:40,427 --> 00:28:43,138
General Marshall's on his way.

533
00:28:43,263 --> 00:28:45,974
Is Eleanor coming to dinner?

534
00:28:46,099 --> 00:28:47,142
No.

535
00:28:47,225 --> 00:28:51,312
She's left for New
York, giving a speech.

536
00:28:51,438 --> 00:28:54,232
She wrote you a note.

537
00:28:54,357 --> 00:28:55,483
I see.

538
00:28:55,608 --> 00:28:57,444
I must have forgotten.

539
00:28:57,569 --> 00:28:58,361
Thank you, grace.

540
00:29:06,786 --> 00:29:07,996
Sir.

541
00:29:08,121 --> 00:29:09,789
Have a seat, General.

542
00:29:09,914 --> 00:29:10,749
Thank you, sir.

543
00:29:13,418 --> 00:29:16,880
I came to let you know
Eisenhower has the situation

544
00:29:16,963 --> 00:29:19,758
in hand at the Kasserine Pass.

545
00:29:19,883 --> 00:29:21,509
The Germans are withdrawing.

546
00:29:21,593 --> 00:29:23,928
We can't afford
these command problems.

547
00:29:26,973 --> 00:29:29,934
It's my responsibility, sir.

548
00:29:30,018 --> 00:29:33,396
Do we know the casualties yet?

549
00:29:33,480 --> 00:29:40,445
7,000 of ours, but
mostly wounded, or missing.

550
00:29:40,528 --> 00:29:41,488
300 killed.

551
00:29:44,824 --> 00:29:53,792
Where are we when 300 dead
boys seems like a small number?

552
00:29:56,836 --> 00:30:00,840
How many was it at Guadalcanal?

553
00:30:00,924 --> 00:30:04,552
7,000.

554
00:30:04,636 --> 00:30:05,428
Dead?

555
00:30:10,850 --> 00:30:12,519
But they were
both victories, sir.

556
00:30:17,190 --> 00:30:17,982
Yes, I know.

557
00:30:21,694 --> 00:30:23,363
7,000 killed or wounded.

558
00:30:23,488 --> 00:30:25,740
At some point, it's
numbers on a ledger,

559
00:30:25,865 --> 00:30:28,993
but each one of those ledgers
has a mother or a father,

560
00:30:29,118 --> 00:30:30,954
and it's FDR who
carries that weight

561
00:30:31,037 --> 00:30:32,622
and considers how would
you write that letter

562
00:30:32,705 --> 00:30:34,415
to every mother and father.

563
00:30:34,541 --> 00:30:36,417
It is the burden of command.

564
00:30:36,543 --> 00:30:40,630
It is the burden of being
the commander in chief.

565
00:30:40,713 --> 00:30:43,591
He knew that this
was not a battle.

566
00:30:43,675 --> 00:30:45,426
It was a war.

567
00:30:45,552 --> 00:30:48,763
He knew this was not
the work of six months.

568
00:30:48,888 --> 00:30:51,766
He knew it would be many years.

569
00:30:51,891 --> 00:30:57,105
He had learned that
you have to keep going.

570
00:30:57,188 --> 00:31:01,276
And I think that as
he led us into war,

571
00:31:01,359 --> 00:31:04,779
there was a fortitude and
a resilience that grew out

572
00:31:04,904 --> 00:31:08,616
of his own personal
fortitude and resilience.

573
00:31:08,741 --> 00:31:10,535
Somebody said to
FDR, how can you

574
00:31:10,618 --> 00:31:13,162
go to sleep at night with
all these hard decisions

575
00:31:13,246 --> 00:31:15,832
that you've had to make and
the pressures that are on you?

576
00:31:15,915 --> 00:31:18,126
He said, if you spend
two years just trying

577
00:31:18,209 --> 00:31:23,214
to wiggle your big toe, you're
going to learn patience.

578
00:31:23,339 --> 00:31:26,634
As the war unfolds, there
is increasing pressure because

579
00:31:26,759 --> 00:31:29,137
of the losses that Stalin
and the Soviet Union

580
00:31:29,262 --> 00:31:33,308
are sustaining to open a
second front in the West.

581
00:31:33,433 --> 00:31:35,768
So Stalin Churchill
and Roosevelt

582
00:31:35,894 --> 00:31:40,315
go to Tehran in November
1943, and the central question

583
00:31:40,440 --> 00:31:45,236
from Stalin is, when are you
going to attack in the West?

584
00:31:45,320 --> 00:31:47,739
Tehran is the first
opportunity for Roosevelt,

585
00:31:47,822 --> 00:31:50,617
Churchill, and Stalin to all
sit down, the three of them.

586
00:31:50,700 --> 00:31:53,119
Roosevelt really relied
on his own personal powers

587
00:31:53,244 --> 00:31:54,996
of persuasion and
really dependent

588
00:31:55,121 --> 00:31:57,624
on personal connections.

589
00:31:57,749 --> 00:32:02,253
FDR loved politics, and
politics at the very highest

590
00:32:02,337 --> 00:32:06,925
was keeping together a coalition
of thoroughly disagreeable

591
00:32:07,050 --> 00:32:08,593
potential enemies.

592
00:32:08,718 --> 00:32:11,179
And although their three
countries were in an alliance,

593
00:32:11,304 --> 00:32:14,265
their interests
were not parallel.

594
00:32:14,390 --> 00:32:16,184
Stalin believed that
Churchill and Roosevelt,

595
00:32:16,267 --> 00:32:19,812
those capitalists, were ganging
up on Stalin, as indeed they

596
00:32:19,896 --> 00:32:21,189
were.

597
00:32:21,272 --> 00:32:24,359
So Roosevelt's got to figure out
how to mollify Stalin when they

598
00:32:24,442 --> 00:32:25,610
got together.

599
00:32:25,735 --> 00:32:28,696
And during the war, FDR
sent his advisor Harry Hopkins

600
00:32:28,821 --> 00:32:30,448
to meet with Stalin.

601
00:32:30,531 --> 00:32:33,826
Hopkins was the entire
State Department

602
00:32:33,910 --> 00:32:37,872
all by himself in this sort of
unofficial capacity as advisor

603
00:32:37,956 --> 00:32:38,831
to the president.

604
00:32:43,836 --> 00:32:47,548
Harry, you've met the man.

605
00:32:47,674 --> 00:32:50,218
What can I expect?

606
00:32:50,301 --> 00:32:55,890
Well, he does not care
much about clever strategies.

607
00:32:56,015 --> 00:33:00,520
But he does care about killing
as many Nazis as possible.

608
00:33:00,603 --> 00:33:03,064
That's clear.

609
00:33:03,147 --> 00:33:05,358
But what's he really like?

610
00:33:05,441 --> 00:33:09,445
Besides being a
butcher in his own right?

611
00:33:09,529 --> 00:33:14,701
When I first met him, I was
astonished how polite he was.

612
00:33:14,784 --> 00:33:19,622
Perfect uniform, polished
boots, cool as a cucumber.

613
00:33:19,706 --> 00:33:25,586
When I was in Moscow, we
could hear German guns.

614
00:33:25,670 --> 00:33:27,463
No sign of fear from him.

615
00:33:27,547 --> 00:33:30,216
No hesitation.

616
00:33:30,299 --> 00:33:32,301
Go on.

617
00:33:32,385 --> 00:33:35,680
I need something I can use.

618
00:33:35,805 --> 00:33:40,935
He does have a sense of
humor in his own peculiar way.

619
00:33:41,019 --> 00:33:45,314
He laughs, but when
you least expect it.

620
00:33:45,398 --> 00:33:49,527
And he does not trust Churchill.

621
00:33:49,652 --> 00:33:51,612
What matters is
that he trusts me.

622
00:33:55,074 --> 00:33:59,746
When the time comes, I'll
have to distance myself

623
00:33:59,829 --> 00:34:01,039
from Winston.

624
00:34:01,122 --> 00:34:03,624
He will not like that.

625
00:34:03,750 --> 00:34:05,126
I can't worry about that now.

626
00:34:07,628 --> 00:34:10,965
We need Stalin to stick with us.

627
00:34:27,565 --> 00:34:28,691
It shouldn't be long now.

628
00:34:53,466 --> 00:34:56,177
I'm glad to see you.

629
00:34:56,302 --> 00:35:00,431
I've tried for a long
time to make this happen,

630
00:35:00,556 --> 00:35:03,351
and here we are.

631
00:35:03,476 --> 00:35:04,852
[speaking russian]

632
00:35:37,135 --> 00:35:39,262
That's quite all right.

633
00:35:39,345 --> 00:35:44,809
I believe men should
meet face to face.

634
00:35:44,892 --> 00:35:48,813
I was so terribly sorry
to hear about your son.

635
00:35:53,860 --> 00:35:55,570
[speaking russian]

636
00:36:10,710 --> 00:36:16,090
I suppose we all must
be prepared to sacrifice

637
00:36:16,215 --> 00:36:19,343
everything to win this war.

638
00:36:27,018 --> 00:36:29,103
Tehran Conference is the
first conference where we now

639
00:36:29,187 --> 00:36:31,689
have all of the big three.

640
00:36:31,731 --> 00:36:33,774
NEWSREADER: Tehran,
capital of Iran.

641
00:36:33,900 --> 00:36:37,069
Here, 6,000 miles from
Washington, the president

642
00:36:37,153 --> 00:36:38,946
and prime minister
meet their great ally

643
00:36:39,030 --> 00:36:43,159
in the war against Nazi Germany,
Marshal Joseph Stalin, premier

644
00:36:43,242 --> 00:36:45,411
of Soviet Russia.

645
00:36:45,494 --> 00:36:47,997
Franklin Delano Roosevelt has
the relationship with Winston

646
00:36:48,080 --> 00:36:51,667
Churchill, and Winston Churchill
has met with Stalin before,

647
00:36:51,751 --> 00:36:53,419
but Franklin Delano
Roosevelt has not,

648
00:36:53,544 --> 00:36:55,421
so he wants to
develop a rapport,

649
00:36:55,546 --> 00:36:58,466
and fundamentally he thinks, he
is the only one on Earth that

650
00:36:58,591 --> 00:37:01,886
should be able to go ahead and
break this crusty exterior.

651
00:37:01,969 --> 00:37:06,349
Stalin is ruthless, I would
go so far as to say heartless,

652
00:37:06,432 --> 00:37:09,644
but that Soviet Union
was a necessary ally.

653
00:37:09,769 --> 00:37:12,980
Roosevelt looked at
Stalin not as his partner

654
00:37:13,105 --> 00:37:17,068
or as his great friend,
but as a leader who

655
00:37:17,151 --> 00:37:20,947
was in charge of millions of
soldiers that might wind up

656
00:37:21,072 --> 00:37:23,574
saving American democracy.

657
00:37:23,658 --> 00:37:25,993
One of Roosevelt's
enormous strengths

658
00:37:26,077 --> 00:37:30,248
was that he could manipulate
people and he could oppose them

659
00:37:30,373 --> 00:37:32,583
or he could have them
working with each other.

660
00:37:32,667 --> 00:37:35,795
I always think one of the
best metaphors for FDR

661
00:37:35,878 --> 00:37:40,174
as a leader is, you know, he had
spinning plates on his fingers

662
00:37:40,258 --> 00:37:42,593
and on top of the plates
were spinning forks,

663
00:37:42,677 --> 00:37:47,515
and this whole apparatus was
operating well because FDR was

664
00:37:47,640 --> 00:37:50,559
there providing the leadership.

665
00:37:50,643 --> 00:37:54,021
Roosevelt was careful to make
sure that Stalin saw that there

666
00:37:54,146 --> 00:37:57,191
was no solid Anglo-US front.

667
00:37:57,275 --> 00:38:01,195
So at Tehran, that the dynamic
of that US-British relationship

668
00:38:01,279 --> 00:38:03,114
begins to change
just a little bit,

669
00:38:03,197 --> 00:38:05,491
but it must have come as
quite a shock to Churchill

670
00:38:05,616 --> 00:38:09,912
to see this gap
begin to open up.

671
00:38:09,996 --> 00:38:11,914
Imagine the human
side for Churchill.

672
00:38:11,998 --> 00:38:16,544
He's been at war with Hitler
since September 1st, 1939.

673
00:38:16,669 --> 00:38:18,713
Stalin was allied
with him at the time

674
00:38:18,838 --> 00:38:21,716
and America was living
in a fantasyland,

675
00:38:21,841 --> 00:38:25,261
and now Churchill is becoming
less important as these two

676
00:38:25,344 --> 00:38:30,599
forces come up, and it
was incredibly painful

677
00:38:30,683 --> 00:38:33,269
for Churchill, and FDR
didn't do much to help.

678
00:38:36,022 --> 00:38:37,523
[speaking russian]

679
00:38:56,542 --> 00:39:01,088
Your aspirations are
justified, Marshal Stalin,

680
00:39:01,172 --> 00:39:05,217
but your numbers are off.

681
00:39:05,301 --> 00:39:08,804
The Atlantic wall is
not to be taken lightly,

682
00:39:08,888 --> 00:39:12,058
and Hitler's got to have more
than eight Panzer divisions

683
00:39:12,183 --> 00:39:13,768
there.

684
00:39:13,893 --> 00:39:24,111
[speaking russian]

685
00:39:24,195 --> 00:39:26,947
The prime minister
is not haggling.

686
00:39:27,073 --> 00:39:29,950
He just woke up on the
wrong side of the bed,

687
00:39:30,034 --> 00:39:32,453
and he was forced to
wake up before noon

688
00:39:32,578 --> 00:39:34,372
for the first time in 20 years.

689
00:39:34,455 --> 00:39:35,373
[laughter]

690
00:39:36,415 --> 00:39:39,377
And without his
precious brandy to boot.

691
00:39:45,508 --> 00:39:51,138
Now, I agree with
the prime minister

692
00:39:51,263 --> 00:39:55,559
that the risks for
this invasion are high,

693
00:39:55,643 --> 00:40:02,525
but it's a greater risk
to not take action now.

694
00:40:02,608 --> 00:40:06,237
So I agree with
you, Marshal Stalin,

695
00:40:06,320 --> 00:40:11,367
that we must commit to an
invasion of France immediately.

696
00:40:14,745 --> 00:40:23,003
My doubts haven't changed, but
you stood by me after Tobruk.

697
00:40:26,632 --> 00:40:29,718
I'll stand by your decision now.

698
00:40:29,802 --> 00:40:32,680
Then we have a lot
of work ahead of us.

699
00:40:51,907 --> 00:40:55,578
Churchill's giving Ike a hard
time over using those bombers

700
00:40:55,661 --> 00:40:57,705
over France.

701
00:40:57,830 --> 00:41:01,041
He still thinks if we keep
bombing Germany we can avoid

702
00:41:01,167 --> 00:41:02,084
the whole invasion.

703
00:41:02,168 --> 00:41:03,669
Well, he's wrong.

704
00:41:06,839 --> 00:41:08,048
I'll handle Winston.

705
00:41:17,683 --> 00:41:20,186
The most important decision
reached at Tehran is that

706
00:41:20,311 --> 00:41:22,438
the United States and Britain
will conduct Operation

707
00:41:22,521 --> 00:41:26,066
Overlord, which becomes
D-Day in Normandy.

708
00:41:26,150 --> 00:41:28,402
Operation Overlord,
or the Allied advance

709
00:41:28,486 --> 00:41:29,987
from England into
mainland Europe,

710
00:41:30,070 --> 00:41:32,406
is the fastest way to Berlin.

711
00:41:32,490 --> 00:41:34,408
Because the war is not
over until a soldier

712
00:41:34,533 --> 00:41:39,121
stands in Berlin with their
heel on Adolf Hitler's neck.

713
00:41:39,205 --> 00:41:42,082
Roosevelt gets credit for
choosing Dwight Eisenhower

714
00:41:42,208 --> 00:41:46,754
to head the invasion of
France and the war in Europe.

715
00:41:46,879 --> 00:41:50,925
Roosevelt recognized
in Eisenhower something

716
00:41:51,050 --> 00:41:53,135
of a capacity that
he himself had,

717
00:41:53,219 --> 00:41:58,390
and that was this personal
political skill, this ability

718
00:41:58,474 --> 00:42:01,810
to keep divergent
interests in other people

719
00:42:01,894 --> 00:42:04,605
from destroying the central
purpose toward which they're

720
00:42:04,730 --> 00:42:06,148
working.

721
00:42:06,232 --> 00:42:08,817
Roosevelt was willing to
delegate responsibility,

722
00:42:08,901 --> 00:42:12,196
so he listened to Eisenhower.

723
00:42:12,321 --> 00:42:13,113
Winston?

724
00:42:15,699 --> 00:42:18,118
Yes, I figured
you'd still be up.

725
00:42:18,244 --> 00:42:22,498
Listen, Ike assures me
it's essential to divert

726
00:42:22,581 --> 00:42:24,375
those bombers to
targets in France.

727
00:42:30,548 --> 00:42:34,802
Yes, I know France
is our ally and there

728
00:42:34,885 --> 00:42:39,807
will be civilian casualties, but
I've got to leave the choice up

729
00:42:39,890 --> 00:42:42,101
to the commander.

730
00:42:42,184 --> 00:42:45,646
It's his responsibility
and his decision.

731
00:42:48,440 --> 00:42:50,109
Well, that's really
all there is to it.

732
00:42:53,404 --> 00:42:54,989
You too, Winston.

733
00:42:55,072 --> 00:42:56,031
Get some rest.

734
00:42:56,115 --> 00:42:56,949
Good night.

735
00:43:10,671 --> 00:43:12,673
Your daughter sent me.

736
00:43:12,798 --> 00:43:17,845
She wants to know if you
plan on sleeping tonight,

737
00:43:17,928 --> 00:43:20,097
or ever again.

738
00:43:20,222 --> 00:43:21,015
Maybe she's right.

739
00:43:24,393 --> 00:43:28,856
We've got two months to
pull off the biggest invasion

740
00:43:28,981 --> 00:43:30,399
the world has ever seen.

741
00:43:32,985 --> 00:43:37,615
And if it fails, we won't
get a second chance.

742
00:43:40,743 --> 00:43:44,330
I'll sleep when it's over.

743
00:43:53,464 --> 00:43:57,217
You could see, really, in the
end of '43 and early '44 that

744
00:43:57,343 --> 00:43:59,720
hollows were coming
under Roosevelt's eyes,

745
00:43:59,803 --> 00:44:03,223
that his color wasn't very good,
that he was having some trouble

746
00:44:03,349 --> 00:44:07,519
breathing, that he was
having headaches at night.

747
00:44:07,645 --> 00:44:10,439
I imagine the anxiety he
must have felt about knowing

748
00:44:10,522 --> 00:44:13,275
that something was wrong but not
being able to talk to anybody

749
00:44:13,359 --> 00:44:15,027
about it.

750
00:44:15,110 --> 00:44:17,738
Who could he talk to about the
fact that his body was failing?

751
00:44:17,863 --> 00:44:20,824
Who could he talk to about
his anxieties about the war?

752
00:44:20,949 --> 00:44:22,326
Because for everybody
else, he had

753
00:44:22,409 --> 00:44:25,120
to keep up as much of
a cover as he could

754
00:44:25,204 --> 00:44:28,165
and not let people know what
he was really feeling inside,

755
00:44:28,290 --> 00:44:33,420
so it must have been, I imagine,
a really lonely time for him.

756
00:44:33,504 --> 00:44:36,090
And Anna, his daughter,
saw this, finally persuaded

757
00:44:36,215 --> 00:44:39,093
her father to go and have a
checkup done at Bethesda Naval

758
00:44:39,218 --> 00:44:40,094
Hospital.

759
00:44:40,219 --> 00:44:42,554
He meets with a
young cardiologist,

760
00:44:42,638 --> 00:44:46,433
and he was stunned when
he saw Roosevelt's visage.

761
00:44:46,558 --> 00:44:49,603
He could see that he was in
the midst of congestive heart

762
00:44:49,687 --> 00:44:51,772
disease.

763
00:44:51,855 --> 00:44:55,776
Things are so bad that
Roosevelt's doctor recommends

764
00:44:55,901 --> 00:45:02,282
that he stay in bed to
arrest the deterioration.

765
00:45:02,366 --> 00:45:05,786
He's being told that he can't
work more than 10 to 15 hours

766
00:45:05,911 --> 00:45:06,870
a week.

767
00:45:06,995 --> 00:45:09,623
This is during among
the most critical times

768
00:45:09,707 --> 00:45:10,624
in world history.

769
00:45:13,585 --> 00:45:16,046
To say that there's
a lot riding on D-Day,

770
00:45:16,130 --> 00:45:20,551
Operation Overlord, is a
massive understatement.

771
00:45:20,634 --> 00:45:22,720
Operation Overlord
is the culmination

772
00:45:22,845 --> 00:45:25,305
of years of effort
by Franklin Roosevelt

773
00:45:25,389 --> 00:45:28,142
to convince Americans that
they needed to be prepared

774
00:45:28,225 --> 00:45:30,561
for the war, and then once
we entered the war, taking

775
00:45:30,644 --> 00:45:32,646
an army of just a couple
100,000 and building it

776
00:45:32,771 --> 00:45:35,482
up putting people into
uniform by the millions.

777
00:45:35,607 --> 00:45:38,861
Just the logistics of that
alone is pretty staggering,

778
00:45:38,944 --> 00:45:41,488
and training all those folks
and outfitting all those folks.

779
00:45:41,572 --> 00:45:44,366
It is the largest military
operation ever undertaken

780
00:45:44,450 --> 00:45:45,451
in history.

781
00:45:45,576 --> 00:45:48,912
It involves so many
people, so many layers

782
00:45:48,996 --> 00:45:54,001
of military apparatus,
from transports and tanks,

783
00:45:54,126 --> 00:45:57,421
ammunition, soldiers and
sailors, communication devices,

784
00:45:57,546 --> 00:46:01,592
aircraft, tremendous
amount of coordination.

785
00:46:01,717 --> 00:46:05,262
It's an extraordinarily
difficult operation.

786
00:46:05,345 --> 00:46:07,347
The Atlantic wall
is a system of defense

787
00:46:07,473 --> 00:46:09,349
that the Germans start to
create from the moment they take

788
00:46:09,475 --> 00:46:10,434
Europe.

789
00:46:10,559 --> 00:46:13,228
This is what the Allies
have to break in order

790
00:46:13,312 --> 00:46:15,022
to get into Europe.

791
00:46:15,147 --> 00:46:18,525
It's basically a 1,700 mile
wall that starts in Norway,

792
00:46:18,650 --> 00:46:19,985
goes all the way to
the Spanish coast.

793
00:46:22,738 --> 00:46:25,449
If you think about the Atlantic
wall as these 15,000 bunkers

794
00:46:25,532 --> 00:46:28,535
as being the skeleton, the
trenches that connect them

795
00:46:28,660 --> 00:46:30,370
would be the sinew that
connects those bones.

796
00:46:30,496 --> 00:46:33,415
The cannons would be the
muscles that make it all work.

797
00:46:33,499 --> 00:46:36,752
In front of that would be
6,000 mines, the obstacles

798
00:46:36,835 --> 00:46:38,587
on the beaches, the obstacles
in the field to keep

799
00:46:38,670 --> 00:46:39,588
gliders from landing.

800
00:46:39,671 --> 00:46:41,048
That would be the
armor or the skin.

801
00:46:41,173 --> 00:46:42,841
And then ultimately the
soldiers that defend it

802
00:46:42,966 --> 00:46:44,343
would be the blood
that pump through it.

803
00:46:48,472 --> 00:46:51,308
In the buildup to what
becomes Operation Overlord,

804
00:46:51,391 --> 00:46:55,062
the D-Day invasion, the Allies
create all kinds of diversions,

805
00:46:55,187 --> 00:46:59,274
all kinds of fake radio
traffic, even using fake tanks

806
00:46:59,358 --> 00:47:01,735
and things like that to create
the illusion that this may be

807
00:47:01,819 --> 00:47:04,822
a three-pronged or a
two-pronged operation,

808
00:47:04,905 --> 00:47:07,908
all to get the Germans to not
massed their forces at what

809
00:47:08,033 --> 00:47:12,246
ultimately becomes the main
point of contact at Normandy.

810
00:47:12,329 --> 00:47:14,081
We need waves that
are less than five feet.

811
00:47:14,206 --> 00:47:15,582
We're going to land at dawn.

812
00:47:15,707 --> 00:47:17,000
We'd like to have a half a moon.

813
00:47:17,084 --> 00:47:19,503
We'd like to have 2,500
feet of cloud ceiling.

814
00:47:19,586 --> 00:47:21,588
We'd like to have at
least 50% visibility.

815
00:47:21,672 --> 00:47:23,590
How do we get those
conditions to happen?

816
00:47:26,635 --> 00:47:29,763
On the eve of D-Day, this
is the culmination of years

817
00:47:29,888 --> 00:47:32,766
of preparation, years of
building the supplies,

818
00:47:32,891 --> 00:47:34,017
years of coalition building.

819
00:47:36,687 --> 00:47:39,231
Now there's nothing
more that FDR can do.

820
00:47:44,361 --> 00:47:47,114
He had to believe that he had
supplied the soldiers the best

821
00:47:47,197 --> 00:47:48,532
they could, that
they were trained

822
00:47:48,615 --> 00:47:51,118
and they were ready for this,
and there was nothing he could

823
00:47:51,243 --> 00:47:52,995
do but depend upon
those soldiers.

824
00:47:59,376 --> 00:48:02,713
Across June 6th, we're
going to put 155,000 soldiers

825
00:48:02,796 --> 00:48:04,673
on the beach on one day.

826
00:48:04,756 --> 00:48:07,759
You've got 7,000 ships,
13,000 aircraft all in support

827
00:48:07,885 --> 00:48:08,886
of this.

828
00:48:08,969 --> 00:48:11,555
It's the greatest
joint Army, Air Force,

829
00:48:11,638 --> 00:48:15,392
Navy coalition multi-service
military operation

830
00:48:15,475 --> 00:48:17,352
in the history of Earth.

831
00:48:17,436 --> 00:48:18,687
If you were in the
first wave of D-Day,

832
00:48:18,770 --> 00:48:22,107
you would've left your port
early in the morning of June

833
00:48:22,190 --> 00:48:23,233
6th.

834
00:48:23,275 --> 00:48:25,027
You would have made your
way across rough seas.

835
00:48:25,110 --> 00:48:26,486
You were probably seasick.

836
00:48:26,612 --> 00:48:27,571
They tried to give
you some breakfast.

837
00:48:27,696 --> 00:48:30,616
You took it and now
you've thrown that up.

838
00:48:30,699 --> 00:48:31,867
All the toilets are full.

839
00:48:31,950 --> 00:48:34,870
All the rails are full.

840
00:48:34,953 --> 00:48:36,663
You've now gotten
on a landing craft.

841
00:48:36,788 --> 00:48:39,291
Climb down a slippery rope
to get in that landing craft.

842
00:48:39,416 --> 00:48:41,501
You would have been
splashed by sea waves,

843
00:48:41,627 --> 00:48:44,671
soaking wet carrying
60 pounds of gear.

844
00:48:44,796 --> 00:48:46,840
You can hear the
aircraft go overhead.

845
00:48:46,924 --> 00:48:48,592
You hope they're
doing their part.

846
00:48:48,675 --> 00:48:51,553
And in front of you you would
see German defenses, mines,

847
00:48:51,637 --> 00:48:54,348
and barbed wire, artillery
and mortars and machine guns.

848
00:48:54,473 --> 00:48:56,350
Then all of a sudden the
boat would hit the beach,

849
00:48:56,475 --> 00:48:58,018
and then they would
drop the ramp.

850
00:49:03,398 --> 00:49:07,194
FDR had made the decisions
he could make and was now

851
00:49:07,319 --> 00:49:12,074
at the mercy of events, of
time and tide quite literally.

852
00:49:15,535 --> 00:49:16,328
Come in.

853
00:49:25,671 --> 00:49:27,589
From General
Eisenhower, Mr. President.

854
00:49:40,394 --> 00:49:41,979
10 seconds, Mr. President.

855
00:49:46,525 --> 00:49:48,276
And 5, 4.

856
00:49:54,908 --> 00:49:59,997
My fellow Americans,
in this poignant hour

857
00:50:00,080 --> 00:50:03,250
I ask you to join me in prayer.

858
00:50:09,381 --> 00:50:20,475
Almighty God, our sons,
pride of our nation,

859
00:50:20,559 --> 00:50:25,063
this day have set upon
a mighty endeavor.

860
00:50:25,147 --> 00:50:32,779
They struggle to preserve
our republic, our religion,

861
00:50:32,904 --> 00:50:40,537
and our civilization, and to
set free a suffering humanity.

862
00:50:44,833 --> 00:50:47,711
They will need life lessons.

863
00:50:47,794 --> 00:50:54,634
Their role will be long and
hard, for the enemy is strong.

864
00:50:57,721 --> 00:51:03,060
Success may not come
with rushing speed,

865
00:51:03,185 --> 00:51:08,190
but we shall return
again and again.

866
00:51:11,610 --> 00:51:17,616
By the righteousness of our
cause, our sons will triumph.

867
00:51:30,420 --> 00:51:36,593
We shall prevail over the
unholy forces of our enemy.

868
00:51:36,718 --> 00:51:43,517
Help us to conquer the apostles
of greed and racial arrogances.

869
00:51:43,642 --> 00:51:47,687
Lead us to the saving
of our country,

870
00:51:47,813 --> 00:51:54,903
and with our sister nations into
a world unity that will spell

871
00:51:54,986 --> 00:52:01,868
a shore of peace, and a peace
that will let all of men

872
00:52:01,952 --> 00:52:03,036
live in freedom.

873
00:52:05,831 --> 00:52:09,626
Thy will be done, Almighty God.

874
00:52:12,796 --> 00:52:13,630
Amen.

875
00:52:17,843 --> 00:52:21,513
That speech was arguably
the largest mass prayer

876
00:52:21,638 --> 00:52:23,056
in human history.

877
00:52:23,181 --> 00:52:25,058
100 million Americans listened.

878
00:52:28,353 --> 00:52:31,398
Church bells rang,
and everybody went

879
00:52:31,523 --> 00:52:33,775
to churches and synagogues.

880
00:52:33,859 --> 00:52:37,904
The impulse to pray
was overwhelming.

881
00:52:37,988 --> 00:52:41,741
By noon on June 6th,
1944, even defenses

882
00:52:41,867 --> 00:52:46,037
around Omaha Beach, bloody Omaha
Beach, will start to break,

883
00:52:46,163 --> 00:52:48,415
and now what we have is
the invasion is a success.

884
00:52:53,128 --> 00:52:55,964
Franklin Delano Roosevelt's
prayer speaks volumes.

885
00:52:56,047 --> 00:53:01,136
He's responsible for speaking
for all freedom loving people.

886
00:53:01,219 --> 00:53:04,723
What Operation Overlord
stands for, its hope.

887
00:53:04,806 --> 00:53:06,808
Liberty is not just
this ethereal idea.

888
00:53:06,892 --> 00:53:07,934
Liberty is coming.

889
00:53:10,687 --> 00:53:13,690
The summer of 1944, the
Allies now have a foothold

890
00:53:13,773 --> 00:53:16,484
in northwestern Europe and
are able to push across France

891
00:53:16,610 --> 00:53:18,653
and directly into Germany.

892
00:53:18,737 --> 00:53:21,823
The war is still unfolding.

893
00:53:21,907 --> 00:53:25,493
The war in Japan
has no end in sight.

894
00:53:25,577 --> 00:53:27,621
So for FDR, it was--

895
00:53:27,704 --> 00:53:29,956
the job was unfinished.

896
00:53:30,081 --> 00:53:32,626
The war was not won.

897
00:53:32,751 --> 00:53:35,879
After D-Day, he feels a sense
that it's close to the end,

898
00:53:35,962 --> 00:53:37,839
but he has to get there.

899
00:53:37,923 --> 00:53:40,050
So the question
was, will Roosevelt

900
00:53:40,133 --> 00:53:41,468
run for a fourth term?

901
00:53:44,304 --> 00:53:47,140
You have to remember the
enormous emotional toll

902
00:53:47,265 --> 00:53:51,353
being the commander in
chief had taken on FDR.

903
00:53:51,436 --> 00:53:54,314
He was giving orders that
were sending boys into battle

904
00:53:54,397 --> 00:53:56,942
every day, who were dying.

905
00:53:57,025 --> 00:54:00,820
And he could not imagine walking
away from that responsibility

906
00:54:00,946 --> 00:54:01,696
for himself.

907
00:54:01,780 --> 00:54:05,200
Sacrifice was everything to him.

908
00:54:05,283 --> 00:54:08,703
He believed that he had a
duty to serve his office,

909
00:54:08,787 --> 00:54:13,250
to serve his country until
he could no longer do it.

910
00:54:13,333 --> 00:54:18,380
FDR's decision process seems
to largely lie on a sense

911
00:54:18,463 --> 00:54:21,925
that, my work is not done yet.

912
00:54:22,008 --> 00:54:27,347
The country still needs
an optimistic leader,

913
00:54:27,430 --> 00:54:29,683
an aspirational leader.

914
00:54:29,808 --> 00:54:32,519
I think one of his biggest
strengths was his imagination.

915
00:54:32,644 --> 00:54:35,438
How can we open the
doors for the future?

916
00:54:35,522 --> 00:54:37,607
He has a lot more to do.

917
00:54:37,732 --> 00:54:40,986
NEWSREADER: President Roosevelt
signs GI Joe's Bill of Rights

918
00:54:41,111 --> 00:54:43,196
that guarantees a
returning soldier

919
00:54:43,321 --> 00:54:45,949
a year of unemployment
insurance and helps pay

920
00:54:46,074 --> 00:54:48,368
for the completion
of his schooling.

921
00:54:48,493 --> 00:54:52,247
The GI Bill was created
to assist veterans returning

922
00:54:52,330 --> 00:54:56,626
from war so that they had a
substantial leg up economically

923
00:54:56,710 --> 00:54:59,879
as they were trying to look
for housing, look for homes,

924
00:55:00,005 --> 00:55:01,965
or go back to school.

925
00:55:02,048 --> 00:55:05,969
When the GI Bill of Rights
passed, he was so happy.

926
00:55:06,052 --> 00:55:09,472
I think he wanted to be the
man who would shape the peace,

927
00:55:09,597 --> 00:55:11,725
and he thought he was
probably in a better position

928
00:55:11,850 --> 00:55:13,101
to do that than anyone else.

929
00:55:15,645 --> 00:55:18,315
The real concern is,
his health is failing,

930
00:55:18,440 --> 00:55:21,568
and there are media
outlets who are making

931
00:55:21,693 --> 00:55:24,904
that point in subtle ways
that, hey, you know, you're not

932
00:55:24,988 --> 00:55:26,740
looking well.

933
00:55:26,865 --> 00:55:32,120
By 1944, FDR is dying of
congestive heart failure.

934
00:55:32,203 --> 00:55:35,081
You can see that FDR is sick.

935
00:55:35,206 --> 00:55:36,750
He doesn't look as well.

936
00:55:36,875 --> 00:55:39,085
He's lost his rosy good cheer.

937
00:55:39,210 --> 00:55:40,587
And he's not going out much.

938
00:55:40,670 --> 00:55:42,380
He's not giving speeches.

939
00:55:42,464 --> 00:55:45,342
And there's some question,
is he up to the demands

940
00:55:45,425 --> 00:55:47,927
of being president?

941
00:55:48,053 --> 00:55:49,262
And so when he
was in Pearl Harbor

942
00:55:49,387 --> 00:55:52,766
for some strategic sessions
with MacArthur and Nimitz,

943
00:55:52,891 --> 00:55:55,393
he went to visit the
troops in a particular ward

944
00:55:55,518 --> 00:55:58,772
where they had lost limbs.

945
00:55:58,897 --> 00:56:00,982
And he deliberately
told the people,

946
00:56:01,066 --> 00:56:03,193
I want to be wheeled in.

947
00:56:03,276 --> 00:56:05,945
I want them to see
me in my wheelchair.

948
00:56:06,071 --> 00:56:09,199
And he very, very rarely was
ever seen in his wheelchair

949
00:56:09,282 --> 00:56:11,242
beyond the inner
circle, but he thought

950
00:56:11,326 --> 00:56:15,080
it was important for them to see
that he was disabled, that he

951
00:56:15,205 --> 00:56:17,624
had lost use of certain limbs,
but he could lead a full life

952
00:56:17,707 --> 00:56:18,541
again.

953
00:56:21,711 --> 00:56:24,964
It's a pleasure
to meet you, sir.

954
00:56:25,048 --> 00:56:27,133
You a sailor?

955
00:56:27,217 --> 00:56:28,676
I was.

956
00:56:28,760 --> 00:56:32,055
I'm a bit of a sea man myself.

957
00:56:32,138 --> 00:56:35,850
Nothing soothes me more than
being out in the open water.

958
00:56:35,934 --> 00:56:39,521
Yeah, me too.

959
00:56:39,604 --> 00:56:40,688
That's over now.

960
00:56:43,608 --> 00:56:50,824
Well, if you want to sail
again, then you'll sail.

961
00:56:50,907 --> 00:56:52,826
That's a joke.

962
00:56:52,951 --> 00:56:56,579
Are you telling me
that I don't sail?

963
00:56:56,704 --> 00:57:00,333
No, I--

964
00:57:00,458 --> 00:57:03,461
Well, if I can do it, you can.

965
00:57:10,135 --> 00:57:15,849
Tell you what, if you find
the strength to get back out

966
00:57:15,974 --> 00:57:21,062
to sea, I'll be sure to
get out there with you.

967
00:57:30,155 --> 00:57:32,574
NEWSREADER: At the International
Teamsters Union dinner,

968
00:57:32,657 --> 00:57:37,328
President Roosevelt makes his
first campaign speech of 1944.

969
00:57:37,412 --> 00:57:40,373
Here we are again
after four years,

970
00:57:40,498 --> 00:57:43,042
and what years they have been.

971
00:57:43,168 --> 00:57:46,379
The 1944 election is not
an easy one for Franklin

972
00:57:46,504 --> 00:57:48,882
Roosevelt. He's in some trouble.

973
00:57:49,007 --> 00:57:51,593
For his political opponents,
Dewey, the Republican running

974
00:57:51,676 --> 00:57:56,556
against him, they're starting
to draw attention to Franklin

975
00:57:56,681 --> 00:57:58,558
Roosevelt not being out there.

976
00:57:58,683 --> 00:57:59,809
Where is he?

977
00:57:59,893 --> 00:58:02,228
And is he up to the
demands of being president?

978
00:58:02,312 --> 00:58:05,857
And at the same time, there
is a conspiracy theory

979
00:58:05,982 --> 00:58:07,901
that's been floated
by the Republicans,

980
00:58:07,984 --> 00:58:13,281
that FDR has sent a destroyer,
a warship, to get his dog Fala.

981
00:58:13,364 --> 00:58:18,077
There's this rumor about
how FDR had left his dog Fala

982
00:58:18,203 --> 00:58:21,414
at a base in Alaska, at great
cost to the taxpayer sent

983
00:58:21,539 --> 00:58:23,249
a destroyer to go
and fetch his dog.

984
00:58:23,333 --> 00:58:25,251
Completely false.

985
00:58:25,335 --> 00:58:28,421
And so FDR is making a campaign
speech at a Teamsters dinner,

986
00:58:28,546 --> 00:58:30,089
and he said, enough of this.

987
00:58:30,215 --> 00:58:33,468
He knew that he needed
to project real strength.

988
00:58:36,554 --> 00:58:39,432
These Republican
leaders have not

989
00:58:39,516 --> 00:58:50,902
been content with attacks on me,
or on my wife, or on my sons.

990
00:58:50,985 --> 00:59:00,161
No, not content with that, they
now include my little dog Fala.

991
00:59:00,245 --> 00:59:01,663
[laughter]

992
00:59:04,415 --> 00:59:08,962
Of course, I don't
resent attacks,

993
00:59:09,087 --> 00:59:13,591
and my family don't
resent attacks,

994
00:59:13,675 --> 00:59:15,843
but Fala does resent them.

995
00:59:15,927 --> 00:59:17,387
[laughter]

996
00:59:21,558 --> 00:59:23,142
Roosevelt shows he's back.

997
00:59:23,226 --> 00:59:24,644
He's taunting his enemies.

998
00:59:24,727 --> 00:59:26,145
He's having fun with them.

999
00:59:26,271 --> 00:59:27,689
He's not a sick old man.

1000
00:59:27,772 --> 00:59:30,817
He's the great politician
Franklin Roosevelt.

1001
00:59:30,942 --> 00:59:35,822
You know, Fala's scotch,
and being a Scotty,

1002
00:59:35,947 --> 00:59:40,618
as soon as he learned that
the Republican fiction writers

1003
00:59:40,743 --> 00:59:47,083
in Congress and out had
concocted a story that I had

1004
00:59:47,166 --> 00:59:50,712
left him behind on
an Aleutian island

1005
00:59:50,795 --> 00:59:54,841
and sent a destroyer
back to find him,

1006
00:59:54,966 --> 00:59:59,721
at a cost to the taxpayer
of two or three or eight

1007
00:59:59,804 --> 01:00:05,435
or $20 million, his
Scotch soul was furious.

1008
01:00:08,479 --> 01:00:11,190
He has not been
the same dog since.

1009
01:00:16,321 --> 01:00:18,781
When he gave the great Fala
speech, the old master still

1010
01:00:18,865 --> 01:00:20,325
has it, newspapers said.

1011
01:00:20,450 --> 01:00:23,119
So time and again he
could rally himself.

1012
01:00:23,202 --> 01:00:25,955
The next day, it's
played and replayed.

1013
01:00:26,080 --> 01:00:27,624
It's printed and reprinted.

1014
01:00:27,749 --> 01:00:33,087
I mean, if anything could
go viral in 1944, this does.

1015
01:00:33,171 --> 01:00:35,590
NEWREADER: Crowds at Ebbets
Baseball Field, Brooklyn greet

1016
01:00:35,673 --> 01:00:38,301
President Roosevelt starting
his tour of New York City.

1017
01:00:38,384 --> 01:00:42,388
Mr. Roosevelt has a special
word for Brooklyn Dodger fans.

1018
01:00:42,513 --> 01:00:45,683
You know, I come from
the state of New York,

1019
01:00:45,808 --> 01:00:50,438
and I've got to make a
terrible confession to you.

1020
01:00:50,521 --> 01:00:53,149
I have never been in
Ebbets Field before.

1021
01:00:58,112 --> 01:01:00,948
They planned a long,
hard, arduous day for him

1022
01:01:01,032 --> 01:01:03,534
to prove that he was
still up to the job,

1023
01:01:03,618 --> 01:01:05,411
and he was going to go
in an open touring car

1024
01:01:05,536 --> 01:01:08,206
through the boroughs
of Manhattan and Queens

1025
01:01:08,289 --> 01:01:10,375
and Bronx and Brooklyn.

1026
01:01:10,458 --> 01:01:12,669
They didn't plan on the fact
that there would be a drenching

1027
01:01:12,752 --> 01:01:16,255
rain and that it would be
freezing cold that day.

1028
01:01:16,339 --> 01:01:18,383
And people look at
his ability to do this.

1029
01:01:18,466 --> 01:01:22,679
I think it went for 50 miles,
and they say, all those rumors

1030
01:01:22,762 --> 01:01:26,432
that FDR is in bad health,
those must be wrong,

1031
01:01:26,557 --> 01:01:30,561
otherwise he could not
have done that this day.

1032
01:01:30,645 --> 01:01:32,939
That day in New York
City was a masquerade.

1033
01:01:33,022 --> 01:01:36,442
He was pretending to be much
more healthy than he was,

1034
01:01:36,567 --> 01:01:40,113
and he always knew that
politics was drama.

1035
01:01:40,196 --> 01:01:43,116
FDR once said to the
actor Orson Welles,

1036
01:01:43,199 --> 01:01:49,122
you and I are the two
greatest actors in America.

1037
01:01:49,247 --> 01:01:52,625
And almost like the actor
being taken off stage,

1038
01:01:52,750 --> 01:01:55,503
he was taken to Eleanor
Roosevelt's apartment

1039
01:01:55,586 --> 01:01:59,465
in New York City, her separate
apartment, which he has never

1040
01:01:59,549 --> 01:02:01,968
seen.

1041
01:02:02,051 --> 01:02:05,012
Eleanor was traveling so much,
and she had become that person

1042
01:02:05,096 --> 01:02:07,682
that she could no
longer go back from.

1043
01:02:07,765 --> 01:02:11,978
And in some ways it turned out
to be fine for both of them.

1044
01:02:12,103 --> 01:02:15,231
He had enormous respect for her,
more than he had had before.

1045
01:02:18,943 --> 01:02:22,697
Quite the life you've had.

1046
01:02:22,780 --> 01:02:25,575
Yes.

1047
01:02:25,616 --> 01:02:27,785
Not exactly what I expected.

1048
01:02:38,963 --> 01:02:43,843
You always try
to do what's right.

1049
01:02:43,968 --> 01:02:45,636
And people see that.

1050
01:02:48,848 --> 01:02:51,017
You must be hungry.

1051
01:02:51,142 --> 01:02:54,187
I can scramble you some eggs.

1052
01:02:54,270 --> 01:02:56,939
Don't trouble yourself.

1053
01:02:57,023 --> 01:02:59,859
I should get cleaned up
and get out of your way.

1054
01:03:02,487 --> 01:03:04,363
Why not stay here?

1055
01:03:04,489 --> 01:03:05,990
I've already put
your room together.

1056
01:03:08,993 --> 01:03:11,788
Thank you, Babs.

1057
01:03:11,871 --> 01:03:16,083
But I'm speaking at the
Waldorf in a few hours.

1058
01:03:16,167 --> 01:03:18,085
People are expecting me.

1059
01:03:21,339 --> 01:03:24,884
You're running
yourself ragged.

1060
01:03:25,009 --> 01:03:26,344
You're sure you won't stay?

1061
01:03:29,347 --> 01:03:30,807
I should go.

1062
01:03:36,020 --> 01:03:39,482
Please don't worry about me.

1063
01:03:39,607 --> 01:03:40,399
But I do.

1064
01:03:56,624 --> 01:04:00,545
I, Franklin Delano
Roosevelt, do solemnly

1065
01:04:00,628 --> 01:04:05,424
swear that I will faithfully
execute the office of president

1066
01:04:05,550 --> 01:04:11,097
of the United States,
so help me God.

1067
01:04:11,180 --> 01:04:13,599
Winter, 1944, I think
a lot of Americans

1068
01:04:13,683 --> 01:04:15,309
expected the war
to have been over

1069
01:04:15,393 --> 01:04:17,603
after the success of Overlord.

1070
01:04:17,728 --> 01:04:22,275
The forces are still not
actually in Germany yet.

1071
01:04:22,400 --> 01:04:26,779
In December 1944, Hitler's
unwilling to accept defeat,

1072
01:04:26,904 --> 01:04:30,825
so he comes up with a daring
scheme involving 10 Panzer

1073
01:04:30,908 --> 01:04:34,787
divisions to smash
through the Allied lines

1074
01:04:34,912 --> 01:04:38,249
where they're at their weakest.

1075
01:04:38,374 --> 01:04:40,668
NEWSREADER: In the
Christmas season of 1944,

1076
01:04:40,751 --> 01:04:44,881
the German army unleashed
a desperate offensive.

1077
01:04:45,006 --> 01:04:47,216
The Germans conduct this
counteroffensive that today we

1078
01:04:47,300 --> 01:04:48,634
call the Battle of the Bulge.

1079
01:04:48,718 --> 01:04:53,097
It's a surprise offensive that
takes place in December 1944.

1080
01:04:53,180 --> 01:04:55,182
The Battle of the
Bulge is called the bulge

1081
01:04:55,266 --> 01:04:57,476
because there was a
bulge in the Allied line,

1082
01:04:57,602 --> 01:05:00,521
the drive in ostensibly
to get to Antwerp all

1083
01:05:00,605 --> 01:05:04,066
the way on the Belgian coast.

1084
01:05:04,191 --> 01:05:06,235
When the Germans
begin their assault,

1085
01:05:06,319 --> 01:05:08,321
they have bad weather
on their side,

1086
01:05:08,446 --> 01:05:11,407
so American airpower is negated.

1087
01:05:11,490 --> 01:05:13,159
The German tanks and
artillery can just

1088
01:05:13,284 --> 01:05:17,663
slice through the Americans
of the British and slaughter.

1089
01:05:17,788 --> 01:05:21,167
The Americans lost 19,000 men.

1090
01:05:21,250 --> 01:05:26,464
10,000 men surrendered.

1091
01:05:26,547 --> 01:05:29,008
NEWSREADER: The Nazi party is
willing to sacrifice every soul

1092
01:05:29,133 --> 01:05:30,509
in Germany to stave off defeat.

1093
01:05:33,137 --> 01:05:37,016
The Germans could not afford
any mistakes, because they

1094
01:05:37,099 --> 01:05:39,185
couldn't replace their
resources and the people that

1095
01:05:39,268 --> 01:05:42,188
had been lost.

1096
01:05:42,271 --> 01:05:44,106
There was a close moment
during the Battle of the Bulge

1097
01:05:44,190 --> 01:05:47,860
when things could
have gone very badly,

1098
01:05:47,985 --> 01:05:52,198
but eventually the United States
wears down the other side.

1099
01:05:52,323 --> 01:05:53,407
NEWSREADER: The
attack was blunted,

1100
01:05:53,491 --> 01:05:56,035
the spearhead stopped, the
Nazi columns thrown back

1101
01:05:56,160 --> 01:05:58,746
by men who had flung
themselves into the breach.

1102
01:05:58,829 --> 01:06:00,206
The Battle of the
Bulge is probably

1103
01:06:00,331 --> 01:06:02,124
the last German attempt
to try to change

1104
01:06:02,249 --> 01:06:05,336
the strategic
momentum of the war.

1105
01:06:05,461 --> 01:06:07,213
Once that fails, they
really are fighting

1106
01:06:07,338 --> 01:06:08,422
on the defensive in the West.

1107
01:06:20,768 --> 01:06:24,355
In January 1945, the Soviets
uncover the concentration

1108
01:06:24,480 --> 01:06:27,525
camps, and they were completely
unprepared for what they saw.

1109
01:06:30,361 --> 01:06:32,238
The Allies had learned
that the Nazis wanted

1110
01:06:32,321 --> 01:06:35,574
to commit mass murder of
European Jews very early on,

1111
01:06:35,700 --> 01:06:37,576
and at this point the
Allies could no longer

1112
01:06:37,702 --> 01:06:41,747
deny what was happening in
the concentration camps.

1113
01:06:41,872 --> 01:06:45,334
My sister was in Auschwitz.

1114
01:06:45,459 --> 01:06:49,088
When she came home post-war,
she said the one thing

1115
01:06:49,213 --> 01:06:54,593
that we never understood
while in Auschwitz, we

1116
01:06:54,719 --> 01:07:03,686
saw large groups of American
and Allied planes flying high

1117
01:07:03,769 --> 01:07:08,774
up in the air, and we stood
there praying that they should

1118
01:07:08,858 --> 01:07:13,070
come down and bomb
the gas chambers

1119
01:07:13,154 --> 01:07:20,411
and bomb the crematoria and
bomb the whole damn camp,

1120
01:07:20,494 --> 01:07:24,457
not caring about what would
happen to our own lives.

1121
01:07:24,582 --> 01:07:30,796
And they just flew on and
never came to help us.

1122
01:07:30,880 --> 01:07:36,427
We could not understand why they
would never attack this death

1123
01:07:36,510 --> 01:07:38,345
factory.

1124
01:07:38,429 --> 01:07:40,639
Franklin Roosevelt
and Winston Churchill

1125
01:07:40,765 --> 01:07:45,144
should have destroyed those
camps, even though there would

1126
01:07:45,269 --> 01:07:49,732
have been many lives
destroyed along with them.

1127
01:07:49,815 --> 01:07:52,818
It's a complicated problem,
and we should not understate

1128
01:07:52,943 --> 01:07:56,155
just how deep the antisemitism
was in major parts

1129
01:07:56,280 --> 01:07:58,532
of the American government.

1130
01:07:58,616 --> 01:08:02,119
Roosevelt asked his military
advisors, what could we do?

1131
01:08:02,244 --> 01:08:05,664
Could we bomb the rail lines
that lead into the camps?

1132
01:08:05,790 --> 01:08:09,085
And the answer was, we've
been trying to bomb rail lines

1133
01:08:09,210 --> 01:08:11,921
for the last three years,
and it's really hard

1134
01:08:12,004 --> 01:08:14,548
and they can rebuild overnight.

1135
01:08:14,632 --> 01:08:17,510
But I suspect that
Roosevelt thought,

1136
01:08:17,593 --> 01:08:20,137
what if we bomb somewhere
near the camps and the bombs

1137
01:08:20,221 --> 01:08:22,556
go astray and hit the camps?

1138
01:08:22,640 --> 01:08:26,685
Then the Germans might very well
say it was the American bombs

1139
01:08:26,811 --> 01:08:29,355
that killed the Jews.

1140
01:08:29,480 --> 01:08:31,690
There was an argument on
the part of the military

1141
01:08:31,774 --> 01:08:34,693
that it's better off to
bomb factories and prevent

1142
01:08:34,819 --> 01:08:37,029
the production of war so
the war will end earlier,

1143
01:08:37,154 --> 01:08:41,117
and that will help the
situation as a whole.

1144
01:08:41,242 --> 01:08:43,536
Roosevelt said the German
leaders are going to be held

1145
01:08:43,661 --> 01:08:44,620
strictly accountable.

1146
01:08:44,745 --> 01:08:46,539
They will be brought
to the bar of justice.

1147
01:08:52,128 --> 01:08:54,213
It's January
1945, and it looks

1148
01:08:54,338 --> 01:08:57,299
like finally after a half
decade of war, the war in Europe

1149
01:08:57,383 --> 01:08:59,927
will finally come to a close
sometime in the late spring

1150
01:09:00,010 --> 01:09:00,970
or early summer.

1151
01:09:01,053 --> 01:09:02,555
And with this brings
pressing questions

1152
01:09:02,680 --> 01:09:04,974
that Churchill, Roosevelt,
and Stalin have to address,

1153
01:09:05,057 --> 01:09:06,225
and they're questions
that they feel

1154
01:09:06,350 --> 01:09:08,227
they can only address in person.

1155
01:09:08,352 --> 01:09:10,437
So they decide that they're
going to have a conference

1156
01:09:10,521 --> 01:09:13,774
together at the LaGuardia Palace
on the Black Sea, the farthest

1157
01:09:13,858 --> 01:09:15,985
west that Stalin will go.

1158
01:09:16,110 --> 01:09:17,278
NEWSREADER: Yalta
on the Black Sea

1159
01:09:17,361 --> 01:09:19,697
was the scene of a
big three meeting.

1160
01:09:19,780 --> 01:09:22,908
Here starts a series of talks
that will profoundly influence

1161
01:09:23,033 --> 01:09:26,745
the diplomatic and political
future of the world.

1162
01:09:26,871 --> 01:09:29,832
February of 1945, they're
starting to plan the post-war

1163
01:09:29,957 --> 01:09:31,542
world.

1164
01:09:31,667 --> 01:09:34,420
And you have three people that
see the world very differently.

1165
01:09:34,503 --> 01:09:38,924
The big three arrive at
Yalta with distinct goals.

1166
01:09:39,008 --> 01:09:41,594
Roosevelt wants to bring the
Soviet Union into the war

1167
01:09:41,677 --> 01:09:44,346
against the Japanese,
but Roosevelt also

1168
01:09:44,430 --> 01:09:46,599
has a personal goal that's
looking even farther

1169
01:09:46,682 --> 01:09:47,975
into the future.

1170
01:09:48,058 --> 01:09:50,728
After the war's over, he wants
to create a new organization

1171
01:09:50,811 --> 01:09:54,607
for international peace,
the United Nations.

1172
01:09:54,690 --> 01:09:58,527
FDR believes the United
Nations will help the world

1173
01:09:58,652 --> 01:10:02,615
resolve its problems, will help
de-escalate militarism and make

1174
01:10:02,740 --> 01:10:05,451
the world a safer
place into the future.

1175
01:10:05,576 --> 01:10:08,787
For Churchill and Stalin,
their objectives for Yalta

1176
01:10:08,913 --> 01:10:10,915
are really centered
around Poland.

1177
01:10:10,998 --> 01:10:14,501
Britain went to war in defense
of Polish sovereignty in 1939,

1178
01:10:14,585 --> 01:10:16,670
and the Polish government
has been in exile in London

1179
01:10:16,754 --> 01:10:18,047
ever since.

1180
01:10:18,130 --> 01:10:20,674
Churchill wants to make sure
that when all of this is over,

1181
01:10:20,758 --> 01:10:23,636
that Poland is free,
that they are independent

1182
01:10:23,761 --> 01:10:25,846
and have self determination.

1183
01:10:25,930 --> 01:10:27,806
Stalin wants to
make sure that they

1184
01:10:27,932 --> 01:10:30,893
are going to have a government
in Poland that's controlled

1185
01:10:30,976 --> 01:10:32,728
by Stalin.

1186
01:10:32,811 --> 01:10:37,316
FDR never thought that
Soviets and Americans ultimately

1187
01:10:37,441 --> 01:10:40,110
had the same political ideals.

1188
01:10:40,236 --> 01:10:43,739
But as a tough political leader,
Roosevelt knew at the beginning

1189
01:10:43,864 --> 01:10:47,618
of 1945, the only way
to finish off this war

1190
01:10:47,701 --> 01:10:50,454
is to keep the Soviets
fighting, and that

1191
01:10:50,537 --> 01:10:53,832
may mean allowing Stalin
to do a lot of things

1192
01:10:53,958 --> 01:10:56,043
that Roosevelt would have
preferred that he not do.

1193
01:11:00,464 --> 01:11:01,966
[speaking russian]

1194
01:11:24,113 --> 01:11:28,409
Of course we want Poland's
government to be friendly,

1195
01:11:28,492 --> 01:11:35,874
but most importantly, it must
be decided by the Polish people.

1196
01:11:35,958 --> 01:11:38,502
Which means, Marshal
Stalin, the members

1197
01:11:38,627 --> 01:11:41,505
of the Polish administration
who've been taking refuge

1198
01:11:41,630 --> 01:11:45,384
in my country should be
included in the government,

1199
01:11:45,509 --> 01:11:50,639
but you have shut them out
and put your own people in.

1200
01:11:50,764 --> 01:11:53,892
[speaking russian]

1201
01:11:54,018 --> 01:12:01,233
I'm assuming that you will
honor our previous agreement

1202
01:12:01,358 --> 01:12:05,904
that Poland will
enjoy free elections

1203
01:12:06,030 --> 01:12:09,491
under American and
British supervision.

1204
01:12:12,119 --> 01:12:14,288
[speaking russian]

1205
01:12:36,393 --> 01:12:44,360
Then swear to me that you
will guarantee free elections

1206
01:12:44,443 --> 01:12:46,612
in Poland.

1207
01:12:46,737 --> 01:12:53,702
[speaking russian]

1208
01:12:53,827 --> 01:12:58,791
I will need your word
on something else too.

1209
01:12:58,916 --> 01:13:03,420
I want you to join
the war against Japan.

1210
01:13:09,259 --> 01:13:12,554
The legacy of Yalta
was complicated.

1211
01:13:12,638 --> 01:13:14,890
When they depart, they
have reached agreements

1212
01:13:14,973 --> 01:13:18,352
that are going to lead to
peace, to a better world.

1213
01:13:20,979 --> 01:13:22,898
And yet Churchill
is deeply concerned

1214
01:13:22,981 --> 01:13:26,527
that Stalin has no intention
of honoring his agreements,

1215
01:13:26,610 --> 01:13:29,238
especially when it comes to
guaranteeing free elections

1216
01:13:29,321 --> 01:13:31,323
in Poland.

1217
01:13:31,448 --> 01:13:33,826
Roosevelt does succeed in
drawing the Soviet Union

1218
01:13:33,951 --> 01:13:36,745
into his plan for
the United Nations.

1219
01:13:36,829 --> 01:13:39,248
He also walks away with
a commitment from Stalin

1220
01:13:39,331 --> 01:13:40,916
to join the fight
in the Pacific.

1221
01:13:43,669 --> 01:13:47,548
We now look back on the
Yalta Conference in 1945,

1222
01:13:47,631 --> 01:13:51,510
and many people would say why
did Roosevelt give up Eastern

1223
01:13:51,635 --> 01:13:52,511
Europe?

1224
01:13:52,636 --> 01:13:54,513
Was it because he
was old and sick?

1225
01:13:54,638 --> 01:13:58,559
No, it was because the Soviet
army owned an awful lot

1226
01:13:58,642 --> 01:14:02,896
of Europe, and no matter how
charming or how angry Roosevelt

1227
01:14:02,980 --> 01:14:06,233
got at this conference,
his personal skill was not

1228
01:14:06,316 --> 01:14:07,443
enough to overcome that.

1229
01:14:11,488 --> 01:14:13,574
Roosevelt believed
that he was going

1230
01:14:13,657 --> 01:14:16,952
to keep going back to
Stalin to negotiate issue

1231
01:14:16,994 --> 01:14:19,872
by issue as things unfolded.

1232
01:14:19,955 --> 01:14:25,461
He didn't see Yalta
as this climactic act.

1233
01:14:25,544 --> 01:14:27,796
It was not supposed
to be the final word.

1234
01:14:41,435 --> 01:14:42,269
Sir.

1235
01:14:48,317 --> 01:14:50,569
What do you think
of the changes?

1236
01:14:50,694 --> 01:14:54,198
The speech is fine, Sam.

1237
01:14:54,323 --> 01:14:59,495
They won't like some of
the things I did out there,

1238
01:14:59,620 --> 01:15:00,746
but I did my best.

1239
01:15:10,130 --> 01:15:13,091
I think we should forget
the braces for tonight, Sis.

1240
01:15:16,970 --> 01:15:18,597
I don't think
that's a good idea.

1241
01:15:23,185 --> 01:15:28,440
Pa, don't give them any more
reason to criticize you.

1242
01:15:33,695 --> 01:15:34,821
This is who I am.

1243
01:15:37,574 --> 01:15:39,993
I have nothing left to prove.

1244
01:15:42,871 --> 01:15:47,376
FDR returns to the United
States on March 1st, 1945,

1245
01:15:47,501 --> 01:15:49,836
comes before a joint
session of Congress.

1246
01:15:49,920 --> 01:15:51,421
[applause]

1247
01:16:02,140 --> 01:16:04,518
You can imagine the moment
with a filled chamber,

1248
01:16:04,601 --> 01:16:07,854
the doors open, and
FDR is wheeled down

1249
01:16:07,938 --> 01:16:09,690
the aisle in his wheelchair.

1250
01:16:12,192 --> 01:16:14,194
Congressmen and senators who've
been dealing with him for years

1251
01:16:14,319 --> 01:16:16,363
had never seen him in
a wheelchair before.

1252
01:16:28,125 --> 01:16:33,171
I hope that you will pardon
me for an unusual posture

1253
01:16:33,255 --> 01:16:38,885
of sitting down, but I know that
you will realize that it makes

1254
01:16:38,969 --> 01:16:44,308
it a lot easier for me in not
having to carry about 10 pounds

1255
01:16:44,391 --> 01:16:48,020
of steel around on
the bottom of my legs,

1256
01:16:48,145 --> 01:16:52,608
and also because of the fact
that I have just completed

1257
01:16:52,691 --> 01:16:59,740
a 14,000 mile trip.

1258
01:16:59,823 --> 01:17:02,868
It has been a long journey.

1259
01:17:02,993 --> 01:17:04,369
[applause]

1260
01:17:07,664 --> 01:17:09,916
The Congress just felt
a sense of love for him

1261
01:17:10,000 --> 01:17:14,087
because he had
acknowledged his infirmity.

1262
01:17:14,171 --> 01:17:18,300
And it's the first time he
has ever admitted in public

1263
01:17:18,425 --> 01:17:22,054
to his disability.

1264
01:17:22,179 --> 01:17:24,097
Both Eleanor and
Frances Perkins later

1265
01:17:24,181 --> 01:17:28,894
commented that it wasn't so
much that FDR was admitting

1266
01:17:29,019 --> 01:17:31,980
to the American people
that he had a disability.

1267
01:17:32,064 --> 01:17:33,523
He was admitting it to himself.

1268
01:17:39,321 --> 01:17:41,907
In the month after his
address to Congress,

1269
01:17:42,032 --> 01:17:45,118
FDR has a frantic set of
legislation and things

1270
01:17:45,202 --> 01:17:46,036
he has to deal with.

1271
01:17:46,161 --> 01:17:46,745
He's exhausted.

1272
01:17:46,870 --> 01:17:49,623
He's in poor shape.

1273
01:17:49,706 --> 01:17:53,085
I think he just felt, I've
got to give it everything I can

1274
01:17:53,210 --> 01:17:55,587
just to make sure the war
comes to the right end,

1275
01:17:55,712 --> 01:17:57,673
the peace treaty is
right, and that I've

1276
01:17:57,756 --> 01:18:01,343
got people established on a
different road toward peace.

1277
01:18:01,468 --> 01:18:04,846
Roosevelt had a sense
of his own immortality

1278
01:18:04,930 --> 01:18:08,934
that was borderline irrational.

1279
01:18:09,017 --> 01:18:13,730
He actually thought he was going
to serve out until 1948, '49,

1280
01:18:13,855 --> 01:18:15,649
and then he was going
to go to Hyde Park

1281
01:18:15,732 --> 01:18:18,694
and world leaders were going
to come and fly in and bring

1282
01:18:18,819 --> 01:18:20,987
their problems to him
as a former president

1283
01:18:21,071 --> 01:18:22,239
and he would solve them.

1284
01:18:24,908 --> 01:18:25,951
Finally, towards
the end of March,

1285
01:18:26,034 --> 01:18:28,620
he goes down to Warm
Springs to recover.

1286
01:18:28,745 --> 01:18:32,290
And despite the fact that
his health was failing,

1287
01:18:32,374 --> 01:18:35,252
FDR was still focused now on
the first meeting of the United

1288
01:18:35,335 --> 01:18:39,965
Nations, which is to take place
in San Francisco in late April.

1289
01:18:40,048 --> 01:18:43,093
But he gets the Warm Springs,
he's in such bad shape

1290
01:18:43,176 --> 01:18:47,180
that he has to be carried off
the train and put into his car.

1291
01:18:47,264 --> 01:18:49,766
The population of Warm Springs,
who had always come out

1292
01:18:49,850 --> 01:18:52,144
to meet him, when they see
what condition he's in,

1293
01:18:52,269 --> 01:18:55,647
literally gasp and ask each
other, what happened to him?

1294
01:18:55,772 --> 01:18:57,774
What's the matter?

1295
01:18:57,899 --> 01:19:00,652
Warm Springs had always
been the place that gave him

1296
01:19:00,777 --> 01:19:03,822
that resuscitation of his energy
because of the original time

1297
01:19:03,947 --> 01:19:05,449
of what Warm Springs
meant to him.

1298
01:19:05,574 --> 01:19:07,242
He went back there
again and again almost

1299
01:19:07,325 --> 01:19:10,162
like he was finding the
strength in that ground

1300
01:19:10,287 --> 01:19:11,329
there that he had once had.

1301
01:19:17,461 --> 01:19:18,837
And it appears to
people around him

1302
01:19:18,920 --> 01:19:22,591
that FDR is actually starting
on that path towards recovery

1303
01:19:22,716 --> 01:19:23,967
and that maybe he'll
be strong enough

1304
01:19:24,092 --> 01:19:28,430
to go to San Francisco for the
opening of the United Nations.

1305
01:19:28,555 --> 01:19:30,348
This was what he
was working towards,

1306
01:19:30,432 --> 01:19:32,809
and he was very hopeful that
this would mean something

1307
01:19:32,893 --> 01:19:33,685
for the future.

1308
01:19:39,941 --> 01:19:40,734
Sir.

1309
01:19:46,156 --> 01:19:47,741
Yes, let's go.

1310
01:19:50,202 --> 01:19:51,620
We have a lot to do.

1311
01:20:00,462 --> 01:20:03,298
It's Thursday,
April 12th, 1945.

1312
01:20:03,381 --> 01:20:06,218
Warm Springs, Georgia.

1313
01:20:06,343 --> 01:20:08,470
FDR had just been
working on a speech

1314
01:20:08,553 --> 01:20:10,430
he was to deliver the next day.

1315
01:20:13,099 --> 01:20:15,060
In the speech he was
going to talk about how

1316
01:20:15,185 --> 01:20:18,647
the only limitation to
our dreams for tomorrow

1317
01:20:18,730 --> 01:20:19,773
would be our doubts of today.

1318
01:20:19,856 --> 01:20:23,568
Let us move forward with
strong and active faith.

1319
01:20:23,693 --> 01:20:26,446
That was the last speech
he was supposed to give.

1320
01:20:26,530 --> 01:20:29,491
A Russian portrait painter
had been there painting him

1321
01:20:29,616 --> 01:20:32,160
in his Navy cape.

1322
01:20:32,244 --> 01:20:37,082
A cousin, Polly Delano is there,
and Lucy Mercer Rutherford

1323
01:20:37,207 --> 01:20:40,752
is there, the woman he was
never supposed to see again

1324
01:20:40,877 --> 01:20:43,588
after 1918, but who had
been back in his life.

1325
01:20:47,384 --> 01:20:48,635
He has an aneurysm.

1326
01:20:51,555 --> 01:20:55,767
Among his last words were,
I have a terrific headache,

1327
01:20:55,892 --> 01:20:56,726
as he faded.

1328
01:21:13,368 --> 01:21:14,327
Mrs. Roosevelt.

1329
01:21:14,411 --> 01:21:16,955
Yes?

1330
01:21:17,080 --> 01:21:19,499
I'm sorry, but you're needed
at the White House right away.

1331
01:21:22,085 --> 01:21:22,878
Right away?

1332
01:21:25,797 --> 01:21:27,757
It gives me great
pleasure to introduce

1333
01:21:27,841 --> 01:21:31,469
my friend and the first lady of
the White House, Mrs. Eleanor

1334
01:21:31,595 --> 01:21:32,304
Roosevelt.

1335
01:21:32,429 --> 01:21:34,222
[applause]

1336
01:21:37,434 --> 01:21:40,645
Eleanor gave her talk, and
she said she knew that something

1337
01:21:40,770 --> 01:21:43,648
dreadful had happened.

1338
01:21:43,773 --> 01:21:45,609
As his cousin
Daisy Suckley said,

1339
01:21:45,734 --> 01:21:48,904
Franklin Roosevelt, the
hope of the world, has died.

1340
01:21:54,743 --> 01:21:58,163
Eleanor summons vice president
of Truman to the White House,

1341
01:21:58,288 --> 01:22:01,333
and she put her hand
on his shoulder,

1342
01:22:01,416 --> 01:22:06,087
and she says, Harry,
the president is dead.

1343
01:22:06,171 --> 01:22:10,675
And Truman says, oh, Mrs.
Roosevelt, I'm so sorry.

1344
01:22:10,800 --> 01:22:12,302
You know, what can I do for you?

1345
01:22:12,427 --> 01:22:15,931
And she says, that's
the wrong question,

1346
01:22:16,056 --> 01:22:20,727
because you're the one
that's in trouble now.

1347
01:22:20,810 --> 01:22:23,188
From his beloved second
home at Warm Springs,

1348
01:22:23,313 --> 01:22:26,441
Georgia, the body of
Franklin Delano Roosevelt

1349
01:22:26,566 --> 01:22:28,526
moves on to the first
stages of its journey

1350
01:22:28,652 --> 01:22:30,236
to his final resting place.

1351
01:22:38,078 --> 01:22:41,373
There's immense
public grieving.

1352
01:22:41,498 --> 01:22:45,377
There's this sense that the
glue that had held the country

1353
01:22:45,502 --> 01:22:49,923
together had
cracked, that someone

1354
01:22:50,006 --> 01:22:54,094
who had seemed perennial
was actually temporal.

1355
01:23:00,350 --> 01:23:03,979
And "The York Times"
that day wrote, "Men

1356
01:23:04,104 --> 01:23:07,023
will thank God on their
knees 1,000 years from now

1357
01:23:07,107 --> 01:23:09,401
that Franklin Roosevelt was in
the White House when he was."

1358
01:23:13,655 --> 01:23:15,907
There was a daily
government list

1359
01:23:15,991 --> 01:23:21,329
of casualties that went out, and
the top casualty that day was,

1360
01:23:21,413 --> 01:23:25,667
Roosevelt, Franklin
Delano, commander in chief.

1361
01:23:25,750 --> 01:23:28,545
There was a sense of his being
the only president for lots

1362
01:23:28,628 --> 01:23:30,296
of people that
they'd ever known.

1363
01:23:30,380 --> 01:23:32,090
12 years is a long time.

1364
01:23:32,215 --> 01:23:34,467
Having carried them
through the Depression,

1365
01:23:34,551 --> 01:23:36,469
carried them through the war.

1366
01:23:36,553 --> 01:23:39,472
Feeling a sense of
connection to him.

1367
01:23:39,556 --> 01:23:41,766
The kids who went to the
Civilian Conservation Camps

1368
01:23:41,891 --> 01:23:44,769
become the soldiers
in World War II.

1369
01:23:44,894 --> 01:23:46,187
There's a story
of somebody who's

1370
01:23:46,271 --> 01:23:49,649
crying during the funeral, and
they say to him, an old man,

1371
01:23:49,733 --> 01:23:52,110
he's crying, did you
know President Roosevelt?

1372
01:23:52,235 --> 01:23:55,989
He said, no, but he knew me.

1373
01:23:56,072 --> 01:24:00,618
Franklin Roosevelt rescued
democracy and capitalism

1374
01:24:00,744 --> 01:24:02,996
in their hours of
maximum danger,

1375
01:24:03,079 --> 01:24:08,960
and the fact that we have a
market economy and a republic

1376
01:24:09,085 --> 01:24:15,300
if we can keep it is in
no small measure because

1377
01:24:15,383 --> 01:24:19,095
of his fundamental belief
in the constitutional order.

1378
01:24:23,433 --> 01:24:27,312
Ambition is the most
mysterious part of leadership.

1379
01:24:27,437 --> 01:24:29,397
FDR had this ambition
that's large,

1380
01:24:29,522 --> 01:24:33,068
but it's for something
larger than himself.

1381
01:24:33,151 --> 01:24:36,988
FDR had this great gift
for understanding what

1382
01:24:37,113 --> 01:24:39,491
the American people needed.

1383
01:24:39,616 --> 01:24:42,118
FDR made us
better than we are.

1384
01:24:42,202 --> 01:24:44,662
He could call on
our better angels.

1385
01:24:44,746 --> 01:24:52,712
I pledge myself to a New
Deal for the American people.

1386
01:24:52,796 --> 01:24:54,798
There was something
about that voice.

1387
01:24:54,923 --> 01:24:59,594
There was something
about that smile that

1388
01:24:59,677 --> 01:25:01,721
suggested it's going to be OK.

1389
01:25:04,641 --> 01:25:09,229
Roosevelt opened the eyes of
Americans to positive effects

1390
01:25:09,312 --> 01:25:12,857
that government could
have on individual lives.

1391
01:25:12,982 --> 01:25:16,111
Everybody talks at the end
about how he'll be remembered

1392
01:25:16,236 --> 01:25:18,488
for having gotten us
through the Depression,

1393
01:25:18,613 --> 01:25:22,283
carrying us through World War
II, and there's Social Security

1394
01:25:22,408 --> 01:25:24,786
and all these things you can
see in the history books.

1395
01:25:24,869 --> 01:25:27,330
He would say, it's the
bond with the people

1396
01:25:27,413 --> 01:25:31,209
that I've established
and that I care for.

1397
01:25:31,334 --> 01:25:33,378
Underneath all those
laws are people,

1398
01:25:33,461 --> 01:25:35,380
and they're people whose
lives he's affected

1399
01:25:35,505 --> 01:25:37,882
and people who he
helped to get them

1400
01:25:37,966 --> 01:25:40,718
back on their feet in the '30s
to be ready to be the Greatest

1401
01:25:40,802 --> 01:25:43,888
Generation in the '40s, and
I think that's what he'd

1402
01:25:44,013 --> 01:25:46,474
want to be remembered for.

1403
01:25:46,599 --> 01:25:48,226
Americans have
always been lucky.

1404
01:25:48,351 --> 01:25:49,936
We got Lincoln
when we needed him,

1405
01:25:50,019 --> 01:25:52,230
we had Washington
when we needed him,

1406
01:25:52,355 --> 01:25:54,232
and we had FDR
when we needed him.

1407
01:26:07,745 --> 01:26:13,084
Let me assert my firm belief
that the only thing we have

1408
01:26:13,168 --> 01:26:17,589
to fear is fear itself.